Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
OBE 118
Fall 2004
Professor McKinsey
Agent versus Employee?
As we study agency, keep in mind that an
employee might or might not be an agent.
As we study employment law we will
compare employees to independent
contractors.
Independent contractors might also, or might
not be, agents.
Agents
• An Agent is an authorized representative who has the
authority to make decisions or create obligations for
someone else who is called the Principal
– Cashiers
– Managers
– Buyers and sellers
• The key to correctly identifying agents is often to
look for the authority they are given or have.
– Authority should be rooted in transactions or obligations
Creating Agency Relationships
Agency by Agreement (express agency)
– Mutual agreement, agency rooted in contract law
Agency by Ratification (after-the-fact agency)
– A principal can agree to accept the decision a person made
supposedly on their behalf.
Agency by Estoppel (implied agency)
– A principal can be estopped from denying an agency
relationship because of behavior and treatment consistent
with agency
Agency by Estoppel
An equitable doctrine founded in fairness
• False agency claim by person
• Third party believes that person is agent
• Principal acted in way to cause belief
The Duties of Agents
Performance
Notification
Loyalty
Obedience
Accounting
The Duties of Principals
Compensation
Cooperation
Safe Working Conditions
Reimbursement
Indemnification
Authority of Agents
Express
Implied
Authority that is customarily associated with
agency or necessary for expressly authorized
tasks
Apparent
Agency by estoppel creates authority by estoppel
or “apparent” authority
Contract Obligations
Fully Disclosed principal
• Agent is not liable, principal is
• Exception?... Corporation promoters
Undisclosed principal
• Agent is directly liable to third party
Torts by Agents (and employees)