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Agussalim Bukhari
Department of Nutrition
Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University
Objectives
To introduce the concepts of structural compl
ins)
Many are enzyme cofactors
Vitamins
Frank deficiencies are rare in developed count
ries
Deficiencies-due to unvaried diets & malabso
rption
Most cooperate with other vitamins,minerals
vitamin imbalance
Vitamins
Water soluble (group B & C) Fat soluble (A,D,E,K)
Enter the body freely Required fat to be absorbed
Absorb directly into blood Absorbed into lymph then blo
Not readily stored od
Excess is excreted in urine Readily stored
Unlikely to reach toxic level Excess not typically excreted
Most function as coenzymes A and D can be toxic
Interconnected functions Individual action
Easily destroyed or lost Relatively stable
Vitamin-vitamin interaction
Requirement for optimum a Vit B6/B12,folate/thiamine
bsorption
Interference with absorption Vit E/vit K, vit B6/Niacin, Th
or metabolism iamine/Riboflavin
Requirement for metabolism Riboflavin/vit B6, Niacin/vit
Protection against excess ca B6
tabolism or urinary loss
Vitamin C/vitamin B6
Protection against oxidative Vitamin E/vitamin A, vitami
destruction
n C/vitamin E
Obstruction of diagnosis of Folate/vitamin B12
deficiency
Relative stability in food during pr
ocessing and storage
protein
Pathways intercept
B group vitamin and coenzymes
Vitamin Coenzyme form
Thiamin (B1) Thiamin pyrophosphate
Niacin (nicotinic acid)
NAD+, NADP+
FAD, FMN
Riboflavin (B2) Coenzyme A
Pantothenic acid Pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal, pyridoxine 5’deoxyadenosylcobalam
Cobalamine in, methylcobalamin
Biotin Biotin lysine complex
Folic acid Tetrahydrofolate
B Vitamin deficiencies
Any vitamin B deficiency will result in changes to a
number of pathways
Therefore there may be similar symptoms
Nausea, severe exhaustion, irritability, depressio
n, neurological disorders, loss of appetite and wei
ght, muscle pain, impairment of immune respons
e, anaemia, severe skin problems
Deficiencies may be due to genetic abnormalities,
diseases conditions, metabolic stress, alcoholism
Rarely see deficiency of a single B group vitamin
Beriberi and pellagra
4D : Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death
Occurs in population where corn is the staple food
B group sources
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
2 forms : L-ascorbic acid (major form)
L-dehydroascorbic acid
Source : fruits & vegetables. Very easily destroyed by
Not in plants
yl CoA
Methylation of homocysteine --- methionine
ds)
b carotene is the most abundant in food
Carotenes are poorly absorbed
Activity is measured as retinol equivalents wh
Risk of infection
Keratinitation of epithelial
surface
Toxicity : rare, loss of appetite, blurred visio
Liver storage
tissues
Vitamin D
Several forms (can be shyntesized in the body)
Major sources : sunlight, fatty fish, fortified foods
Function:
nes
Involves in the haematopoetic system
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Vitamin E
Closely related group of compounds-Tocopherols
Alpha-tocopherol is the most abundant
FUNCTIONS
haemolytic anemia
Toxicity : no clear data
Vitamin K (K-1 & K-2)
Source: K-1 (green plant leaves)
K-1 (produced by bacteria in human intestine)
Function: clotting of blood, involved in formation of p
rothrombin & blood clotting factors (II,VII,IX,X)
Deficiency: haemorrage
May occur in new born (low at birth)
Can be secondary to disease or drug treatment
Warfarin: a synthetic analogue of vitamin K competiti
ve inhibitor of prothrombin formation (anticoagulant)
Toxicity: relatively non-toxic unless given large dose
over a prolonged period of time.
Antioxidants
Compounds that protect others from oxidatio
n by being oxidised themselves
Donate electrons to other substances which
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
May protect against : cancer, heart diseases
Actions of free radicals and antiox
idants
Free radical formation: during normal energy metabolisms, hy
drogens and electrons are added to oxygen in a series of reac
tions called electron transport chain. This sequence eventuall
y produce water, but some intermediate compounds created
during process are free radicals