Glo merulonephrI tI s

What isglomerulonephristis?

Glomerulonephritis is
is a kidney condition

that involves damage

/inflammation to the

glomeruli.
 Types of glomerulonephritis

 Acute glomerulonephritis
- begins suddenly

Chronic glomerulonephritis
-develops gradually over several years.
 Glomerolonephritis causeby?
Causes of glomerulonephritis include:
• Streptococcal infection of the throat ( strep throat) or
skin ( impetigo)
• Hereditary diseases
• Immune diseases, such as lupus
• diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Vasculitis (inflammation of the bloodvessels)
• Viruses ( HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis Cvirus)
• Endocarditis (infection of the valves of the heart)
Streptococcal infection of the
throat ( strep throat) or skin (
impetigo)
Lupus
 PATHOLOGY

• Glomerulonephritis are triggered by immune-

Mediated injury.

• The cellular immune response contributes to the

infiltration of glomeruli by circulating mononuclear

inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and macrophages)

and crescent formation in the absence of antibody

deposition.
 PATHOLOGY
• The humoral immune response leads to immune
deposit formation and complement activation in

glomeruli.

• Antibodies can be deposited within the glomerulus

when circulating antibodies react with intrinsic or

with extrinsic antigens that have been trappedwithin

the glomerulus.
 PATHOLOGY
• Injury usually occurs as a consequence of the
activation and release of a variety of inflammatory
mediators.
• Haemodynamic, and toxic stresses can also induce
glomerular injury.
• Afew glomerular diseases are due to hereditary
defects resulting in deformity of the glomerular
basement membrane.
 Sign and symptoms

• Kidney pain normally happens in the “flank”

region, which is just below the bottom of rib
cage.
 Sign and symptoms
• Cola-colored or diluted, iced-
tea-colored urine from red
blood cells in your urine
(hematuria)
• Foamy urine due to excess
protein (proteinuria)
 Sign and symptoms
• High blood pressure
(hypertension)
• Fluid retention (edema)
with swelling evidentin
your face, hands, feet
and abdomen
• Fatigue/SOB from
anemia or kidney
failure.
• Less frequent urination
than usual.
 Precautions
• Precautions
start slowly and build upgradually
aim to exercise for 30 minutes
three times a week
• Advice forpatients
carry a small spray bottle filled with
lemon water or mouthwash to spray
their mouth when they are feeling
dry in order to keep fluidbalanced
 Precautions
• Do not give an exercise to patient withconsideration of
these condition:

 Changed their dialysis schedule

 Changed their medicine schedule
 Overeaten
 Physical condition has changed;
 Fever
 Have joint or bone problems
 Weather is hot and humid andyou
 Do not give exercises in an indoor, air-conditioned
environment.
 Precaution
• Discontinue routine earlier if experienceany of
the following:

 shortness of breath
 fatigue,
 rapid or irregular heartbeat,
 chest pain,
 nausea,
 leg cramps or dizziness.
 Doctor treatment

• Treatment depends on the cause of the

disorder, and the type and severity of
symptoms.
• High blood pressure may be hard to control.
Controlling high blood pressure is usually the
most important part of treatment.
• Dialysis and Transplant
 Doctor
treatment
Medications
• Diuretics to reduce fluid retention
• Medications to suppress the immune system

Lifestyle Changes
• Restrict salt and water intake.
• Restrict intake of potassium, phosphorous, andmagnesium.
• Cut down on protein in thediet.
• Maintain a healthy weight through diet andexercise.
• Take calciumsupplements.
 Physiotherapy treatment
• Lymphatic
massage to reduce
edema

• Breathing exercise
-Breathing control
purse lip breathing
and diagram
breathing