INTEGUMENT

Anatomi, Histologi dan Fisiologi

Arin Supriyadi
 Integument
• The organs of the integumentary system
include the skin and its accessory structures
including hair, nails, and glands, as well as
blood vessels, lymph, muscles and nerves
• Dermatology is the medical specialty for the
diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the
integumentary system.
 Integument - Function
• Protection - physical barrier that protects underlying
tissues from injury, UV light and bacterial invasion,
mechanical barrier is part non specific immunity (skin,
tears and saliva). Protecting from physical, chemical
and biological threats.
• Regulation of body temperature - high temperature or
strenuous exercise; sweat is evaporated from the skin
surface to cool it down, vasodilation (increases blood
flow) and vasoconstriction (decrease in blood flow)
regulates body temp.
• Sensation - nerve endings and receptor cells that
detect stimuli to temp., pain, pressure and touch.
 Integument - Function
• Excretion - sweat removes water and small amounts of
salt, uric acid and ammonia from the body surface
• Blood reservoir - dermis houses an extensive network
of blood vessels carrying 8-10% of total blood flow in a
resting adult.
• Synthesis of Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) - UV rays in
sunlight stimulate the production of Vit. D. Enzymes in
the kidney and liver modify and convert to final
form; calcitriol (most active form of Vit. D.) Calcitriol
aids in absorption of calcium from foods and is
considered a hormone.
 Integument
• The skin (cutaneous membrane) covers the
body and is the largest organ of the body by
surface area and weight
• Its area is about 2 square meters (22 square
feet) and weighs 4.5-5kg (10-11 lb), about 16%
of body weight
• It is 0.5 – 4 mm thick, thinnest on the eyelids,
thickest on the heels; the average thickness is
1 – 2 mm
Thin (hairy) skin vs Thick (hairless) skin

thin skin thick skin

• It consists of two major layers:
• outer, thinner layer called the epidermis,
consists of epithelial tissue
• inner, thicker layer called the dermis
• Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous (subQ)
layer (also called hypodermis) which attaches
the skin to the underlying tissues and organs.
 Epidermis
• the epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
• it contains four major types of cells:
1. Keratinocytes (90% of the cells) produce keratin which is a
tough fibrous protein that provides protection,
waterproofing the skin, continuous mitosis, form in the
deepest layer called the stratum basale, cells push their
way up to the surface where they are dead cells filled with
keratin; will slough off. Regenerates every 25-45 days.
 Epidermis
2. Melanocytes: which produce the pigment melanin that protects
against damage by ultraviolet radiation, cells produce brownish/black
pigment called melanin, (8% of epidermal cells), stratum basale,
branching processes (dendrites), melanin accumulates in
melanosomes, and transported along dendrites of the melanocytes to
keratinocytes, melanin accumulates on the superficial aspect of the
keratinocyte shielding its nucleus from harmful UV light. lack of
melanin: albino

3. Langerhans cells: involved in immune responses, arise from red bone

marrow, stratum basale, epidermis of hairless skin, attach to
keratinocytes by desmosomes, make contact with a sensory neuron
ending called a Merkel disc (touch).

4. Merkel cells: which function in the sensation of touch along with the
adjacent tactile discs. star-shaped cells arising from bone marrow that
migrate to epidermis, epidermal dendritic cells (macrophages),
interact with a WBC called a T- helper cell, easily damaged by UV light.
 Cells of the Epidermis
• Keratinocytes
– produces keratin
– waterproofs the skin
– protective barrier
• Melanocytes
– produces melanin
– protection from sunlight
 Epidermis
The epidermis contains four major layers (thin skin) or five major layers (thick skin)
• Stratum basale (deepest layer) or stratum germinativum,
where continuous cell division occurs which produces all
the other layers, single row of cells, mostly columnar
keratinocytes, with rapid mitotic division, contain merkel
cells and melanocytes 10-25%
• Stratum spinosum, 8-10 layers of keratinocytes, 8-10
rows of polyhedral (many sided) cells, appearance of
prickly spines, shrink when prepared for slide, melanin
granules and Langerhans’ cell predominate
• Stratum granulosum, which includes keratohyalin and
lamellar granules, 3 - 5 rows of flattened cells, nuclei of
cells flatten out, organelles disintegrate cells eventually
die, keratohyalin granules (darkly stained), accumulate
lamellated granules secrete glycolipids into extracellular
spaces to slow water loss in the epidermis
• Stratum lucidum is present only in thick skin (the skin
of the fingertips, palms, and soles), 3-5 rows of clear
flat dead cells, keratohyalin (precursor) to keratin
• Stratum corneum: composed of many sublayers of flat,
dead keratinocytes called corneocytes or squames that
are continuously shed and replaced by cells from
deeper strata; constant friction can stimulate formation
of a callus. layer has many rows of dead cells filled with
keratin, continuously shed and replaced
(desquamation), effective barrier against light, heat and
bacteria, 20-30 cell layers thick, dandruff and flakes, 40
lbs of skin flakes in a lifetime (dust mites!)
• Keratinization, the accumulation of more and more
protective keratin, occurs as cells move from the
deepest layer to the surface layer
• Dandruff - an excess of keratinized cells shed from the
scalp
Lapisan Epidermis
 Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale
Keratinocytes in stratum spinosum
Detaching corneocytes
from stratum corneum
 Other cells of epidermis:
Melanocyte in stratum basale
Melanocytes in stratum basale
 Other cells of epidermis:
Langerhans’ cell in stratum spinosum
Langerhans’ cells in stratum spinosum
 Major Points
•Skin has a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis)

•The layers of the epidermis are formed by keratinocytes in

various stages of differentiation

•The keratin network and desmosome cell junctions of keratinocytes

are crucial for the mechanical strength of skin

•Melanocytes provide keratinocytes with melanin to protect

from UV light

•Langerhans’ cells are antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis

Lapisan Dermis

Papillary layer

Reticular layer
 Lapisan Dermis
The dermis has several important characteristics: is composed of
connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers,
flexible and strong connective tissue, elastic, reticular and
collagen fibers, cells: fibroblasts, macrophages (WBC), mast
cells (histamine), nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels, oil and
sweat glands originate.

contains two layers

1. the outer papillary region consists of areolar connective tissue
containing thin collagen and elastic fibers, dermal papillae
(including capillary loops), corpuscles of touch and free
nerve endings, loose connective tissue with nipple like
surface projection called dermal papilla, capillaries, contain
pain receptors, contain touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles
), dermal ridges, epidermal ridges, pattern called fingerprints
 Lapisan Dermis
2. The deeper reticular region consists of dense
irregular connective tissue containing collagen
and elastic fibers adipose cells, hair follicles,
nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, and
sudoriferous (sweat) glands, dense irregular
c.t, collagen fibers offer strength, holds water,
dermal tearing causes stretch marks, striae
• Striae or stretch marks can appear if the skin
is stretched too much
Dermal papillae
Dermal papillae
 Lapisan Dermis
• Lines of cleavage - “tension lines” in the skin
indicate the predominant direction of
underlying collagen fibers
• Epidermal ridges reflect contours of the
underlying dermal papillae and form the basis
for fingerprints (and footprints); their
function is to increase firmness of grip by
increasing friction.
• Dermatoglyphics - the study of the pattern of
epidermal ridges
 Receptors of the Skin
• Consists of distal ends of neurons
• Similar to antennae in that they receive
information about the environment
– Free nerve endings – pain, temperature, itch, hair
movement
– Meissner’s Corpuscles - light touch
– Merkel (tactile) disc – light touch
– Pacinian Corpuscles - deep pressure
 Nerve Endings

pressure

pressure stretch pressure temperature

vibration pain
fine touch
Pacinian Corpuscles
Pacinian Corpuscles and Fingerprints

role of fingerprints – grip, sense of touch, or both?

made a sensor that mimics skin with fingerprints

fingerprints amplify vibrations (~100X) with
frequencies that best stimulate Pacinian corp.
important for perception of texture
surface needs to slide perpendicular to ridges
may be why elliptical patterns on fingertips
Meissner’s Corpuscles
 Sudoriferous (sweat) and
sebaceous glands

• Glands secrete sweat - a mixture of:

– water - salts - amino acids
– ammonia - urea - uric acid
– sugar -lactic acid -ascorbic acid
• Primary function - regulates body temperature by
evaporation of water
• Eliminates some waste products
• Two types of sweat glands:
– Apocrine Glands - Eccrine Glands
 Sudoriferous (sweat) and
sebaceous glands
• Oil glands usually associated with hair
follicles
• Secrete an oily substance called sebum a
mixture of fats, cholesterol, protein and
inorganic salts
• Keeps hair from drying out and becoming
brittle
• Keeps skin soft and pliable
• Inhibits growth of certain bacteria
 Interstitial components
• 1. Collagen fibers
• 2. Elastic fibers
• 3. Ground substance, Matrix
 1. Collagen fibers
• Collagen fibers account for 70% of the weight of
dry dermis
• The collagen fibrous component is poorly
extensible; extremely tough; resistant to tension
parallel to the fibers; maintaining the dynamic
strength of skin.
• Collagen fibers form from aggregations of thin
fibrils
• Dermis terdiri dari 80% collagen type I dan 15%
type III
 2. Elastic fibers
• The elastic fiber is not as tough as the collagen
fiber
• It is extremely elastic and found abundantly in the
dermis
• In the dermis, the deeper the elastic fiber, the
thicker it is.
• Elastic fibers are 1 µm to 3 µm in diameter
• The homogeneous substances are highly elastic
structural proteins called elastins
 3. Ground substance, Matrix
• Ground substance, a gelatinous amorphous substance of sugar
and proteins, is observed in between fibers and between cells
in the dermis.
• The components of ground substance are principally
proteoglycans and glycoproteins whose molecular weight is
150,000 to 250,000 and whose sugar content is 2% to 15%.
• The molecules stabilize the fibers to give flexibility to the skin
• Proteoglycans are a massive molecules with a composition of
multiple glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)
connecting with backbone proteins.
• Glycosamine, mostly produced by fibroblasts in the dermis, is
rich in hyaluronic acids, which are associated with moisture
retention.