WELCOME

TO THE WORLD OF
PAINTS
 PAINT
“A paint is a solution or suspension of Binders, Pigments, Additives, Resins and
Solvents”
Or
Paints are stable mechanical mixtures of one ore more pigments

A thin dry film so formed by this solution is then applied to a surface

which is used as a decorative or protective coating.
Paint is used to protect, preserve, decorate, or add
functionality to an object or surface by covering it with
a pigmented coating.

An example of protection is to retard corrosion of metal.

An example of decoration is to add festive neat to a

room's interior.
An example of added functionality is to modify light
reflection or heat radiation of a surface. Also the use of
color to identify hazards or to identify the function of
equipment and pipelines.
Constituents of paints and their application.
Major constituents of paints
• Binders and Resin: Hold the coating together – act like “glue.”
Synthetic or vegetable materials that are used as a base for coatings. Ex-
Varnish, Rosin, Cashew nut etc.
• Pigments: Provide color, UV protection and hiding to coatings.
• Additives: Give coatings their unique properties.
• Solvents: (water or mineral spirits) allow for the material to be suspended,
and once it evaporates from the coating, it allows for the film formation.
• Extenders:-Required to decrease the cost and to supplement the pigment in
increasing the covering and weathering power of the film.
• Driers:- To accelerate the drying of the film through oxidation and
polymerization.
• Thinner or diluents:-To dissolve film forming material and to thin
concentrated paints.
• Antiskinning agents:- To prevent gelling and skinning of the finished product
before application of the paint by brushing.
• Plasticizers:-To reduce cracking in paints.
• Other compounds:- Dispersing agents(Water based paints) and
Preservatives.
PIGMENT

Pigments are various inorganic or organic insoluble substances

which are widely used in surface coatings.

Pigments can be classified as

A) Natural or mineral Pigments:-Talc,Mica,Clays and Chalk etc
B) Synthetic and Chemical Pigments:- Zinc oxide, White Lead, etc
C) Reactive Pigments :- pigments which reacts with drying oils or
their fatty acids and form soaps are called reactive pigments.
Ex-Zinc oxide reacts with fatty acids and form metallic soaps.
BINDER

The binder or resin, is the actual film forming component

of paint. It is the only component that must be present in
paint.
Binders can be categorized according to drying or curing
mechanism.
SOLVENT

The main purpose of the Solvent is to adjust the viscosity

and helps in mixing all the component of paints
homogenously (The resistance of a fluid to flow ) of the
paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint
film. It can also control flow and application properties, and
affect the stability of the paint while in liquid state. Its main
function is as the carrier for the non volatile components.

Xylene is the main solvent for

Industrial paints.

Water is the main solvent for

water-based paints.
ADDITIVES

Additives are usually added in small amounts to provide a significant

effect on the product.
Example:
a. To modify surface tension(the tension of the surface film of a liquid
caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the
bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area)
b. Improve flow properties
c. Improve the finished appearance
d. Improve pigment stability
e. Control foaming (decreases the chances of foaming)

Other types of additives

include catalysts, thickeners,
stabilizers, emulsifiers, adhesion
promoters, etc.
Functions of the Major Components
Pigment Resin Solvent Additive
Aesthetics Properties Application Enhancement

Color Durability Stability Resistance

Gloss Adhesion Viscosity Curing Agent

Adhesion Flexibility Compatibility Settling

Film Strength Color Retention Film Control Dispersion

Water Resistance Abrasion Adhesion Anti-Freeze

Corrosion Resistance Impact Leveling De-Foaming

Resistance
MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS
The manufacture of paint is, in principle, fairly simple. The pigment, binder
and thinner must be blended in the correct proportions such that, when the
paint is applied, the final finished film is continuous, smooth and attractive
to the eye. The correct properties are achieved by the joint skills of the
paint technologist who formulates the paint to meet certain predetermined
standards, and the paint technician who manufactures the paint and ensures
that the properties set down by the paint technologist are achieved.

The machinery used to manufacture paint are the province of the chemical
engineer, who designs equipment which yields the results required by the
paint technologist. Extensive detail of this type of equipment is outside the
scope of syllabus, but the machinery in commonest use would be ball or
pebble mills, horizontal and vertical bead mills and high speed intensive
stirrers. For high quality finishes, triple or single roll mills are sometimes
used, and there are many other varieties of machine available to the paint
manufacturer. In the laboratory the small scale ball mill, bead mill and
small scale high speed mixer are commonly used.
Ball or Pebble mills
Horizontal Bead mills

Vertical Bead mills

TYPES OF PAINT

PAINT

AUTOMOTIVE DECORATIVE INDUSTRIAL

PAINTS BASED ON SURFACE

1-PRIMER

Primer is a preparatory coating put

on materials before painting. Priming
ensures better adhesion of paint to
the surface, increases paint
durability, and provides additional
protection for the material being
painted.
 2-EMULSION

Water-based paint used for painting interior or exterior

surfaces.
3-LACQUER

Lacquer is a clear or colored coating,

that dries by solvent evaporation,
usually a fast-drying solvent-based
paint or varnish that produces an
especially hard, durable finish.
4-ENAMEL PAINT
An enamel paint is a paint that dries to an
especially hard, usually glossy, finish. Enamel
paints contain either glass powder or tiny metal
flake fragments instead of the color pigments
found in standard oil-based paints. Enamel
paint is also mixed with varnish to increase
shine as well as assist its hardening process.

QDE - Quick Drying Enamel is an alkyd type paint that

provides great durability while being noted as a fast drying
paint. It is formulated to give a tough, durable, beautiful and
high build film on wood and metal.
5-WOOD STAIN
Wood stain is a type of paint that is very "thin," that is, low in
viscosity, and formulated so that the pigment penetrates the surface
rather than remaining in a film on top of the surface. Stain is
predominantly pigment or dye.
6-PU (polyurethane) PAINT

PU Paint is an acrylic solvent-based coating that forms a

seamless, non-porous, watertight film that repels water and
prevents leakage. It is noted for its excellent adhesion and
long-term durability. Creates a very tight film, serving as a
moisture sealant for concrete and a stain inhibitor for wood.
7-EPOXY PAINT

Epoxy Paint is a high quality, two-component, epoxy-

polyamide system that has exceptional adhesion to practically
any surface including steel tanks, galvanized iron, pipelines,
aluminum, structural steel, etc. Has excellent corrosion
resistance and sealing properties.
8-Oil-based Paint

Oil paint is a type

of slow-drying paint
consisting of small
pigment particles
suspended in a
drying oil.
9- Powder Coating Paints
Powder Coating is a type of dry coating, which is applied as a
free-flowing, dry powder. The main difference between liquid
paint and a powder coating is that the powder coating does
not require any solvent to keep the binder and filler parts in a
liquid suspension form.
PAINTS BASED ON GENERAL APPLICATIONS
a) Exterior house paints
b) Interior wall paints
c) Fire Resistant paints
d) Chemical Resistant Paints
e) Luminous paints
f) Marine paints
g) Emulsion paints
h) Latex paints
i) Aluminum paints
j) Metal paints
k) Cement paints

Distempers:-Distempers are water paints consisting of pigments which

may be white as well as colored.
Ex- Reinmann’s green
Method of Application
Paints can be applied by:

• Brush
• Spray Gun

• Roller

• Dipping

• Tumbling
Importance of Paints
• Provide protection
• Add aesthetic appeal
• Promote corporate brand and increase recognition
• Decrease energy costs
FAILURE OF PAINT
The main reasons of paint failure after application on
surface are the applicator and improper treatment of
surface.
Application Defects can be attributed to:

Dilution
This usually occurs when the dilution of the paint is not
done as per manufacturers recommendation. There can be
a case of over dilution and under dilution, as well as dilution
with the incorrect diluents.

Contamination
Foreign contaminants added without the manufacturers
consent which results in various film defects.
Peeling (Removal of upper layer/skin) /
Blistering(Bubble)
Most commonly due to improper surface treatment
before application and inherent moisture/dampness
being present in the substrate.
Cracking
Cracking of paint film is due to the unequal expansion
or contraction of paint coats. It usually happens when
the coats of the paint are not allowed to cure/dry
completely before the next coat is applied.
Erosion
Erosion is very quick chalking. It occurs due to external
agents like air, water etc.
Ex-Protection by Wall Putty
How Coatings Fail
 How Coatings Fail

Polyester Urethane

Coating failed due to breakage of chemical bonds

DANGERS OF PAINT

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paint are

considered harmful to the environment and especially for
people who work with them on a regular basis.
FUTURE OF PAINT

GREEN PAINT

Environmental regulations, consumer demand, and

advances in technology led to the development of low-
VOC and zero-VOC paints. These new paints are widely
available and meet or exceed the old high-VOC products
in performance and cost-effectiveness while having
significantly less impact on human and environmental
health.
Film Formation (Drying)
During the film formation process the paint is transformed from a liquid
(usually) to a coherent, tightly supporter film on the surface of the item
being coated. .

There are essentially two drying mechanisms used in

marine coatings:-

(i) Physical drying – referring to non-convertible coatings. Such coatings

dry by simple solvent evaporation. No chemical reaction takes place.
Binders are usually long chain polymers, which can interlock to form
continuous films without chemical reaction. To facilitate film formation it is
necessary to dissolve the polymers in appropriate solvents due to the
inherently high viscosities of the polymers in use.
(ii) Chemical drying – referring to convertible coatings. Such coatings
dry by chemical reaction, i.e. they are converted from their original state
into a new state. Once they are fully cured they cannot be redissolved in
the original carrier solvent, unlike non- convertible coatings.
 Paints Remover
The substances or material which are employed to remove various
surface coatings or paints applied on the surfaces for protection or
decoration are called paint removers.

Paints removers are two types

A) Flammable:-Three Types
(a) Liquid remover:-Mixture of solvents and additives
(b) Semi paste remover:- Mixture of solvents, additives and
thickeners
(c) Paste Remover

B) Non Flammable.:-Contain chlorinated hydrocarbons

Ex- methylene chloride
Unit-IV-B-Part

Explosives and Toxic Chemical Weapons :

Introduction, Nitroglycerine, properties, nitrocellulose,

Explosives; dinol, TNB,DNB, HMX,RDX,TNT,

Toxic Chemical tecniques: screening smoke, incendiaries,

pyrotecniques
Explosives
Introduction,
An explosive may be defined as a material, which under the influence of thermal
or mechanical shock,decomposes rapidly and spontaneously with the evolution of
a great amount of heat and large volume of gases.
Or
Explosives are substances that undergo a rapid oxidation reaction with the
production of large quantities of gases.

Example:- Gunpowder or black powder {Mixture of Sulphur, Charcoal, Saltpetre

(Potassium Nitrate)}, Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerine, dinol, HNX,TNB, DNB,
RDX,TNT etc.

Use/Application/Importance of Explosive:-
1 Explosive are more frequently used for the destruction purposes.
2 Human can use explosive for creative purpose such as construction of road
tunnel, dams etc.
3 Explosive generally use in mining activities.
 Classification of Explosives
There are three fundamental types of explosive are used in present time
A)Mechanical
B) Atomic
C)Chemical
However, mainly concerned here with chemical explosives
Chemical explosives are two types
A) Detonating or High Explosive
B) Deflagrating or Low Explosive

Detonating or High explosives further classified into two major classes:

A) Primary or Initiating high explosives:-These are also known as
detonators. Ex;-Lead azide, mercury, fulminate diazodinitrophenol.
B) Secondary High explosives:-These explosives are quite insensitive to
flame and mechanical shocks. They explode violently by means of a
detonation, which is a rapid chemical destruction processing directly
through the mass of explosive. Example are TNT, Picric Acid,
Dinitramine etc.
Deflagrating or Low Explosive:- Also known as propellants.
They only burn and do not explode, like high explosives. They are mainly used in
the cartridge cases of rifles, pistols etc. Ex- Gunpowder or black
powder,nitrocotton.

Classification on the basis of their applications;-

A) Military Explosive:- Used for military purpose.
Ex- Dinol, TNT, RDX,HMX,EDNA.
B) Industrial Explosives:-Used in industrial explosions.
Ex:- Black powder, nitroglycerine, dynamite etc.

Classification on the basis of their structure;-

Example
Nitro explosive:- nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, trinitrobenzene, etc. all contain
nitro group.
Nitramide explosives:- Ex-nitroxyethylnitroxamide contain amide group.
Nitramine explosives:- Ex-RDX, HMX etc. contain amine group
Diazo explosives:- Ex-Lead azide, dinol etc. contain azo group.
Characteristics of Explosives:-
1. Power of Explosion:-
2. Sensitivity of Explosion:-
3. Heat of Explosion:-
4. Rate of Detonation:-
Nitrocellulose:- Nitrocellulose is a highly flammable
compound formed by nitrating cellulose through
exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating
agent. When used as a propellant or low-order
explosive, it was originally known as guncotton.
Cotton linters, wood pulp and other vegetable fibers
also contain cellulose and hence they can be used as
source of nitrocellulose.
Nitroglycerin (NG):- also known as Trinitroglycerin (TNG), is a heavy,
colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating
glycerol with white fuming nitric acid. Invented as explosive in 1862 by
Alfred Noble.

Explosive of Nitroglycerine:-

A) Dynamite:-A mixture of nitroglycerine with Kieselguhr (naturally

occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock).
B) Blasting gelatin:- Mixture of 8% nitro-cotton with 92% nitroglycerine.
C) Cordite:- 65% Gun cotton and 30% nitroglycerine and rest acetone and
Vaseline.
Trinitrotoluene (TNT), or more specifically, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, is a chemical
compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3.

1. TNT is one of the most commonly used explosives for military and industrial
applications.
2. It is possible for TNT to be poured as well as safely combined with other
explosives.
3. TNT neither absorbs nor dissolves in water, which allows it to be used
effectively in wet environments. Additionally, it is stable compared to other high
explosives.
 DNB and TNB

1,3-DNB and 1,3,5-TNB have both been prepared by the

nitration of benzene with a mixture of nitric acid and
sulfuric acid.
DNB and TNB both used as blasting explosive, mixed
with chlorates
TNB is more powerful than TNT.

NO2 NO2

HNO3 + HNO3 +
NO2 O2N NO2
H2SO4 H2SO4
 RDX
RDX, an initialize state for Research Department Explosive, is an
explosive of nitroamine widely used in military and industrial
applications. It was developed as an explosive which was more
powerful than TNT
Sym-trimethylenetrinitramine, also known as RDX, cyclonite, hexogen, and T4
RDX is rarely used alone; it is mixed with other explosives such as TNT to
produce mines, torpedoes
 EXPLOSIVE DINOL
DINOL is Diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) is a yellowish brown powder.
It’s a primary explosive . It is soluble in acetic acid, acetone,
concentrated hydrochloric acid, and most non-polar solvents but is
insoluble in water.

DDNP is synthesized by diazotization reaction on Sodium picramate.

Sodium nitrite and HCl gives HNO2 which must be freshly prepared.
 HMX
HMX is 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7 tetra-azacyclooctane.
HMX (High Melting Explosive) always work with RDX.
HMX has the same explosive power as cyclonite(RDX)
HMX is an example of Nitramine explosive
Toxic Chemical/weapons
A toxic substance means any chemical or mixture that may be harmful to the
environment and to human health if inhaled, consumed, or absorbed through the
skin. Did you know that some toxic substances are found in nature? There are
naturally occurring toxins (poisonous substances coming from living organisms)
found in certain plants like some wild mushrooms and berries. However, the toxic
substances contained in most everyday household products are synthetic which
means they are man-made. The opposite of toxics substances are called non-toxic
substances. Non-toxic substances are safe to use, and do not harm humans and the
environment.
Many of the products you find in your home may have toxic substances. These
products include: drain cleaners; oven cleaners; laundry detergents; floor or
furniture polish; paints, and Pesticides.
Most important requirements of a toxic chemical

1. It must be toxic even in small doses

2. It should produce it’s effect regardless of how it enters in to the
body(inhalation, ingestion, skin penetration etc.)
3. It should be difficult to protect against.
4. It’s manufacture should be cheap
5. It should not be easily decomposed by air/ water/ earth.
6. It should be resistant to decomposition by explosive shock.
7. It should be stable in long term storage
 Example of toxic Chemical
1 Musturd:-

A) Sulphur mustard:-
The sulfur mustards, or sulphur mustards, commonly known as
mustard gas, are a class of related cytotoxic and vesicant chemical
warfare agents with the ability to form.
Sulphur mustard is synthesized by treating sulphur dioxide with ethylene.
B)-Nitrogen Mustard:- Nitrogen mustrad are nonspecific DNA alkylating
agents. Synthesized from their corresponding alcohol, chlorinating The
alcohol by using SOCl2

2-Phosgene (carbonyl chloride):-

Phosgene is the chemical compound with formula COCl2.Phosgene was
used extensively during world War I as a choking agent. Among the
chemicals used in the War, phosgene was responsible for the large majority
of deaths.
Nerve Agents:- Nerve agents are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals
(organophosphates) that disrupt the mechanism by which nerves transfer messages to
organs.
a) Tabun
b) Sarin
c) Soman
d) Adamsite.

Biological effects:-Initial symptoms following exposure to nerve agents are a runny

nose, tightness in the chest, and constriction of the pupils. Soon after, the victim will
then have difficulty breathing and will experience nausea and drooling (Drop saliva
uncontrollably from the mouth). As the victim continues to lose control of his or her
bodily functions, he or she will involuntarily salivate, and experience gastrointestinal
pain and vomiting. Blisters and burning of the eyes and/or lungs may also occur
 Tear Gas)

1 Chloroacetaphenone :-

2 Chloropicrin:- also known as PS, Structural formula

CCl3NO2.
Toxic Chemical techniques:

A)Screening smoke:-Various chemicals have been produce smokes or

fogs, which are basically of two compositions.
a) Dispersions of solid particles in air, which correspond to a true
smoke.
b) Dispersions of minute liquid droplets, which resemble natural fogs.
Smoke may be dispersed by following methods,
I. Mechanical
II. Thermal
III. Chemical
Ex- Plastic white phosphorous(PWP),Hexachloroethane, Sulphur
trioxide-chlorosulphonic acid(FS), used in different screening
smoke methods. Oil vapours mists(High boiling petroleum
fractions).
Coloured Smokes:-Pyrotechnic mixture of fuel plus various coloured
dyes
B)Incendiaries :-
An incendiaries is the flammable mixture that causes ignition of a combustible
material of the target e.g. wooden building or stored petroleum products.
Incendiaries may be made in the form of bombs, artillery shells or grenades.

Flame weapons:- Provide the fuel for a fire which destroys the target by heat
e.g. personnel, weapons or electronic instruments.

Classification of incendiaries:-
On the basis of material used, incendiaries classified as
a) Metallic Incendiaries:- includes those bombs with metallic case usually a
combustible magnesium alloys.
Steel cased bombs have also been used with a mixture of barium nitrate and
some aluminum, with thermite to ignite the case.

Thermite:-Thermite is a mixture of a aluminum powder and

Ironoxide,which when ignited, burns freely at a high temperature and
cannot be extinguished by water.
b) Petroleum Incendiaries:- Petroleum incendiaries are gasoline bombs thickened
by various ingredients such as rubber, isobutyl methacrylate polymer.
Napalm is used as thickener in petroleum incendiaries.

Pyrotechnics:- Pyrotechnics is the science of using materials capable of

undergoing self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions for the
production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound.

Pyrotechnic mixture have a number of fairly fantastic uses.

Example:-
a)Parachute flares enable aeroplanes to land safely.

b)Red signal flares has become necessary for a modern truck as well as for trains.
Most of the pyroeclectronic products consist of mixtures of strong oxidizing agents,
easily oxidisable materials and other material acting as binders and colour
producing substances.