Urogenital System

By :Mariska Fitri Silvia

(1710422003)
Salsabila Luqyana
(1710422023)
INTRODUCTION
• Kidney is the main excretory
organ of vertebrates.
– Concerned with the
elimination of metabolic
waste products
– regulate water balance and
electrophoresis
– defense of balance of acids
and bases
– secrete renin which is
involved in regulating blood
pressure and sodium ion
levels
• Consist of glomeruli, tubules surrounded by
peritubular capillaries, and longitudinal ducts
• Variation in kidney structure among vertebrates
are primarily in the number and arrangement
of the glomeruli & tubules.
o Nephrones are the functional units of the
kidney, where the blood is filtered with these
metabolic wastes
 masses of capillaries that 'filter' the blood
along with Bowman's capsule
the first step in eliminating waste products
from the blood.

consist of several segments & begin as a

Bowman’s (or glomerular) capsule.
collect the glomerular filtrate & conduct it
http://people.eku.edu/ritc to a longitudinal duct.
hisong/342notes10.html
1 = Bowman's capsule
2 = glomerulus begin developing at anterior
3 = afferent arteriole end of kidney & grow
4 = efferent arteriole caudally until opening into
5 = proximal convoluted tubule the cloaca
6 = distal convoluted tubule
7 = collecting duct
8 = loop of Henle
9 = peritubular capillaries
 ANAMNIOTE
KIDNEY
• Group of fishes and
amphibians (lower
vertebrate)

AMNIOTE KIDNEY

• (higher vertebrate)
 ANAMNIOTE KIDNEY
ARCHINEPHROS
oExcretory organ of primitive
vertebrate ancestors. Ex : Larvae of
hagfish and caecilians
oIt is composed of paired
archinephric ducts, located on the
dorsal side of the body cavity and
extending the length of the coelom.
oEach duct has a pair of tubules to a
segment.
oThe tubules open into a coelom
through the nephrostome.
oExternal glomeruli drain the
coelomic fluid and are located in
close proximity to the nephrostome.
 PRONEPHROS
• 1st embryonic tubules in all
vertebrates; called pronephric
tubules because they are the 1st
to develop & are anteriorly
located
– Number - never very many
(e.g., 3 in frogs, 7 in human
embryos, & 12 in chicken
embryos)
– The duct that drains the
pronephros is called the
pronephric duct.
– The pronephros is temporary
& function only until
glomeruli & tubules further
back become functional.
• Some have external
glomerulus, while most
have internal glomeruli.
• Internal glomeruli are
small knots of arterial
capillaries surrounded by
the Bowman’s capsule.
• Renal or Malphigian
corpuscle is composed of
the glomerulus and the
Bowman’s capsule
• Pronephric tubules
function only until the
end of the larval stage
in amphibians and
equivalent stage in
fishes.
• Glomusis the term for
several united
glomeruli.
OPISTHONEPHROS
• Mesonephros similar to
• The kidney mass caudal to opisthonephros but
pronephric region : mesonephros is the
– Functional adult kidney structure that appears
of lampreys, most fishes during embryonic
and amphibians development in reptiles,
– Drained by mesonephric birds, and mammals.
(archinephric) duct • When it serves as an adult
kidney, it is sometimes
called opisthonephros.
• It is different from
pronephros because it
lacks segmental tubules
that is exhibited by the
pronephros.
• Kidney tubules and
coelom are rarely
connected.
• Renal corpuscles with
internal glomeruli are
typically present.
 • Neck is followed by the:
– collecting portions, which
joins the archinephric duct
and;
– secretory part, which
forms the proximal and
distal convoluted tubules.
• Ureter-like duct is
formed by the union of
collecting ends of several
collecting tubules.
• This may open into the
archinephric duct or may
connect independently
with the cloaca.

Urogenital organs of male

salamander
 Opisthonephric kidneys of
fishes
Males longer kidneys than females
Archinephric duct becomes
the ductus deferens which
serve for sperm transport.
Females have the posterior ends of
their archinephric ducts enter
a common urinary sinus
inside a small urinary papilla
Efferent ductules connect the
testes with the archinephric
Opisthonephric kidneys of
Anurans
certain anterior kidney
tubules became modified as
efferent ductules/vasa
efferentia, connect the testis
with the kidney .
Archinephric duct serves to
transport spermatozoa and
urine.
Kidneys of the females have
no relation to the
reproductive system
Tubules are more
concentrated on the posterior
end and are confined to the
posterior part of the
abdominal cavity.
Fishes • Anurians
 AMNIOTE KIDNEY
appears in the
very early stages PRONEPHROS
of development
but soon
degenerates.

embryonic kidney MESONEPHROS

in reptiles, birds, &
mammals

METANEPHROS
adult kidney
 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE METANEPHROS
Reptiles Aves Mamalian

Kidneys restricted to the Kidneys located in the Compact, beanshaped

posterior half of the pelvic region of the organ attached to the body
abdominal cavity and body cavity, with the Wall, Ureter leaves the
confined to the pelvic posterior ends usually hilum or hilus.
region. united.

Generally small and Lobed structures with Hilum is also the

compact, with short ureters which part where blood
lobulated surface. open into the cloaca vessels and nerves
enter and leave the
kidney.
Urinary bladders
• Embryonic origin: ventral cloacal
wall and portion of the allantois.
• Function: temporary storage of
urine before disposal or voiding
• It may serve as a reservoir of
water in terrestial vertebrates.
• Water, reabsorbed from the
bladder results from the action
of an andiuretic hormone.
• This is important to prevent
dehydration.
• In some lower vertebrates, it
may serve as recovery sites for
some ions that are scarce in their
niche.
 Pisces Amphibi Reptile Aves Mammals
Not significant Large and thin Present in all
because fishes walled mammals.
are immersed
in water.
Many marine •It connects •It is muscular
fishes can with Crocodilians, snakes, and
extract fresh the cloaca a some lizards, and connects to the
water from sea short Birds do not have outside by the
water by distance urinary bladder Urethra
drinking sea beyond •Lower ends of
water and the openings ureters opens
quickly of the directly into
excreting archinephric the
the salt ducts. bladder on its
posterior
dorsal
surface.
Urinary bladders
EXTRARENAL SALT EXCRETION
• Present in vertebrates that live in
salt-rich environment or that live
in arid environments.
• Chloride-secreting glands are
present on the gills of marine
fishes.
• Rectal glands are present in
elasmo branchs.
• Nasal or orbital glands are
present in marine reptiles and
birds that feed on fish from salt
water.
• Sweat glands in mammals
eliminate some salt of the body.
 Additional Glands for Salt Excretion
• Some vertebrates consume
large quantities of saltwater
while ingesting food. These
vertebrates often have
specialized glands to help
actively excrete excess salts.
For example, the rectal
gland in sharks actively
removes NaCl from the
blood and excretes it
through a duct into the
rectum for removal by
defecation.