EMISSION RATING

DEFINITION

 Emission - Pollution (including noise, heat, and

radiation) discharged into the atmosphere by
residential, commercial, and industrial
facilities. Pollution discharged into water is
called effluent
 Air pollution in the evironment comes from many types of
engines, industries, and commercial operations. Pollution
sources that move are known as "mobile sources." These
sources include vehicles, engines, and motorized
equipment that produce exhaust and evaporative
emissions. Examples of all other (non-mobile) sources of
air pollution include power plants, factories, and
manufacturing processes.
 Mobile sources include a wide variety of vehicles,
engines, and equipment. "On-road" or highway sources
include vehicles used on roads for transportation of
passengers or freight. "Nonroad" (also called "off-road")
sources include vehicles, engines, and equipment used
for construction, agriculture, recreation, and many other
purposes. Within these two broad categories, on-road
and nonroad sources are further distinguished by size,
weight, use, and/or horsepower.
MOBILE SOURCE SECTORS REGULATED BY EPA

INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION

Aircraft Commercial aircraft

engines
Heavy-duty vehicles Heavy trucks and buses:
large pick-ups, delivery
trucks, recreational
vehicles (RVs), and semi
trucks
Light-duty vehicles Passenger cars and light
trucks: minivans,
passenger vans, pickup
trucks, and sport-utility
vehicles
Locomotives Diesel-powered engines
used in freight and
passenger rail, line-haul
and switch locomotives
Motorcycles On-road 2- and 3-wheeled
vehicles, mopeds, and
scooters

Marine compression- Auxiliary and propulsion

ignition (CI) engines engines used by all types
of recreational and
commercial vessels: small
fishing boats, tugboats,
ocean-going ships
Marine auxiliary engines:
small generator sets to
large generator sets on
ocean-going vessels

Marine spark-ignition (SI) Gasoline boats and

engines and vessels personal watercraft:
pleasure boats, jet-skis,
outboard engines, and
sterndrive/inboard
engines
Nonroad CI engines and Construction and
equipment agricultural equipment:
excavators, paving
equipment, tractors,
combines, bulldozers, and
skidders
Nonroad large SI engines Gasoline and propane
and equipment industrial equipment:
forklifts, generators, airport
service equipment,
compressors, and ice-
grooming machines
Nonroad small SI engines Small gasoline lawn and
and equipment garden equipment:
lawnmowers, leaf blowers,
chain saws, and string
trimmers
Recreational engines and Land-based recreational
vehicles vehicles: snowmobiles, dirt
bikes, and all-terrain
vehicles (ATVs)

Fuel Type Description

Established in conjunction
with the Tier 2 light-duty
Low sulfur gasoline vehicle standards to
maintain the performance
of catalytic converters.

Covers highway, nonroad,

locomotive, and marine
diesel fuel. ULSD is
necessary for new
Ultra-low sulfur diesel advanced emission control
(ULSD) fuel technologies and it
contributes to particulate
matter reductions in the
existing fleet of nonroad
engines and equipment.
 EPA’S APPROACH
 regulates the emissions from mobile sources by setting standards for the specific
pollutants being emitted. EPA established progressively more stringent emission
standards for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate
matter, starting in the mid-1970s for on-road vehicles and in the early 1990s for
nonroad engines and equipment. Emissions standards set limits on the amount of
pollution a vehicle or engine can emit.
 EPA realizes that to reduce mobile source pollution we must address not only
vehicles, engines, and equipment, but also the fuels they use. So we have set sulfur
standards for gasoline, on-road diesel fuel, and nonroad diesel fuel.
 The road to clean air also depends on extensive collaboration between EPA and
vehicle, engine, and fuel manufacturers; state and local governments; transportation
planners; and individual citizens. This integrated approach to mobile source
emission control is responsible for greatly reducing mobile source air pollution during
the last 30 years. Technological advances in vehicle and engine design, together
with cleaner, higher-quality fuels, have reduced emissions so much that EPA expects
the progress to continue, even as people drive more miles and use more power
equipment every year.
COMPLIANCE LIFE OF A LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE
COMPLIANCE LIFE OF A HEAVY-DUTY HIGHWAY
AND NONROAD ENGINE
 Over time, manufacturers have responded to tighter emission
standards by improving engine and vehicle technology, including:
 designing highly efficient combustion systems to minimize exhaust
pollution
 introducing vapor recovery systems to capture evaporating gasoline
 using computer technologies to monitor and control engine
performance
 developing effective "after treatment" technologies, such as catalytic
converters and particulate filters that remove pollutants from the
exhaust stream before they can escape into the atmosphere
 Parties in the fuel industry, including petroleum refiners and
importers, and marketers, distributors, and carriers of gasoline and
diesel fuel, must ensure that they meet the standards and testing
and reporting requirements that they are subject to.
GASES EMITTED TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Among the many types of emissions the EPA is

concerned more about:
 Hydrocarbon (HC)

 Carbon Monoxide (C0)

 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

ROAD TRAFFIC’S SHARE OF EMISSION
TEST CYCLES

• Emissions measured by standardized test cycles

• For light vehicles in g/Km
• For heavy vehicles in g/kWh
• For light vehicles transient cycle
• Heavy vehicles both transient and stationary
cycle
• ETC,ESC,European load response (ELR),
Enhanced Environmentally vehicles(EEV)
EUROPEAN TRANSIENT CYCLE(ETC)
 FIGE transient cycle
 Road cycle measurement of heavy duty
vehicles
 3 parts – urban , rural , motorway driving –
total 1800s – each 600s
1. city driving max speed 50 km/hr, frequent
starts, stops, and idling
2. rural driving starting with a steep acceleration
segment (avg-72km/hr)
3. Motorway driving with average speed of about
88 km/h
 The cycle in two variants:

a) As a chassis and
b) An engine dynamometer
test.
EUROPEAN STATIONARY CYCLE(ESC)
 Emission certification of heavy duty diesel
engine
 Engine is tested on dynamometer over steady
state modes
 The specified speed held
within ±50 rpm and the specified torque held
within ±2% of max torque
 final results in g/kWh
LIGHT VEHICLES

 Road vehicles under 3.5 tonne (both passenger

cars & commercial vehicles)
 Auto-oil-program

 Emission control increased the quality of fuel

(eg; sulphur-150ppm to 10ppm
within 2009)
 NOX is controlled in PV

 Particulates are controlled in DV

EU STANDARDS FOR LIGHT VEHICLES
HEAVY VEHICLES

 Vehicles heavier than 3.5tonnes

 EuroI-1992,EuroII-1995,EuroIII-2000, EuroIV-
2005,EuroV-2008
 Main difference b/w Euro IV and Euro V

 Environmentally friendly vehicles

as well as for on-board
diagnostic systems (OBD)
enhanced it
EU STANDARDS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES
FUTURE EMISSION STANDARDS

 Motor Vehicle Emissions Group Commission

 German Environment agency (UBA) published
new proposal for ES:- Passenger cars:
1. Emission requirements should be fuel-neutral
2. Particulate requirement should be strengthen
by a factor 10
3. NOX strengthen by a factor of 3
4. Summation value for NOx + HC replaced with
an HC limit
Heavy vehicles:-
1. Fuel-neutral requirements
2. Particulate standards for 2008
3. NOx requirement for 2008 are halved & then
halved again in 2010
 Current weight-based standards with maximum
no of particles within size range
 Tax incentives to vehicles that comply with
requirements
FACTFILE:EMISSION CONTROL
Petrol-driven passenger cars
 Emission consist of NOX and unburnt HC
 Three-way catalytic convertor
 300-400’C to start the catalytic convertor
Diesel-driven cars
 Nitrogen oxides
 Particulates
 Combined methods
POPULAR EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES

 HC as a result of vaporization of gasoline

 Clean air act in 1977

 Feedback fuel control system

 Oxygen sensors in exhaust

 Some of the popular

emission control system
are explained
CATALYTIC CONVERTOR
• It oxidize CO & HC using palladium & platinum as
catalyst separating oxygen than adding
• It cannot operate in presence of lead
• Industrial application to avoid harmful emissions
• Ideal byproducts of automobile engine are CO2,
H2O, and some N2
• Standard subcomponents of catalytic oxidizers
include a line burner, catalyst bed, and heat
exchanger.
PCV VALVE

• Take vapors from crankcase

• Recirculation of air through crankcase
• Dilute air/fuel mixture
• Increase life of oil and engine
• life of valve and filter is around 30000 to
50000 miles
• If the valve or system is clogged, it will create
engine oil leak
EGR VALVE

 Reduce emissions of oxides of N2 (1972)

 How oxides of nitrogen formed?

 Thought of a fire extinguisher to cool the

combustion chamber
 How CO2 & water (plus zillion other noxious
chemicals) cool combustion chamber & prevent
the formation of NOX
 External EGR and Internal EGR valve
EVAPORATIVE CONTROLS

 To dispose of fuel vapors created in fuel system

 Improper operation may cause rich driveability

 Maintain stable fuel tank pressure

 Due to evaporation fuel vapors are created

 Stored vapor fuel is added to the incoming

air/fuel mixture
AIR INJECTION

• The air injection system supplies air to the

exhaust stream to promote additional burning
of exhaust gases such as hydrocarbons
(abbreviated as HC) and carbon monoxide
(abbreviated as CO).
• catalytic converter to
further reduce HC, CO and
oxides of nitrogen (NOx), a major contributor to
photochemical smog
TURBOCHARGER
TURBOCHARGER
 It’s a part of advanced clean diesel system
 Increase diesel efficiency
 What is a turbocharger?
 How common rail direct injection and
turbocharging increases
efficiency
 Turbochargers and
advanced
EURO STANDARDS FOR PETROL CARS
EURO STANDARDS FOR DIESEL CARS
THANK YOU