Bab Ii

Piping
Component
Piping
Component
Pipe Fittings Flange Valves Gaskets Bolts
2
Spirit of Innovation
Pipe
3
Pipe
Manufacturing
Electric Spiral Weld

Seamless Resistance Pipe
Welding
4
Seamless Pip (Mandrel Mill)
Mandrel Mill
5
Seamless Pipe (Plug Mill)
Plug Mill
6
Electric Resistance Welding
Electric Resistance Welding (ERW) pipe is
manufactured by rolling metal and then welding it
longitudinally across its length
7
Spiral Welded Pipe
Manufacturing of spirally
welded pipes where hot
strip is shaped into a tube by
spiral forming with a
constant bending radius.
Helically formed material is
then automatically welded
inline
8
Pipe Dimensions
9
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS)
• The NPS size represents the approximate Outer Diameter
(OD) diameter of the pipe
• NPS 12 and smaller pipe has outside diameter greater
than the size designator. For NPS 14 and larger, the NPS
is equal
• If the schedule number on a set size is changed, it does
effect the inside diameter (ID). Example :
NPS OD Schedule Wall Thickness ID
1 1.315” SCH 40 0.133” 1.049”
1 1.315” SCH 80 0.179” 0.957”
10
Pipe Schedule
The schedule number on pipe products relates to the thickness
of the wall on the pipe as the number increases, the thicker the
wall thickness becomes. Here are a few examples :
• Pipe size NPS 1 SCH 40 – The actual wall thickness is 0.133”
11
Pipe Length
The length of the pipe measures the distance in meters, or
feet between two ends of tubular section. The most common
terms used to designate the length of steel pipe are :
• SRL (Single Random Pipe Length): 5-7 Meters in length,
generally used for pipes below 2 inches
• DRL (Double Random Pipe Length): 12-13 Meters in
length, for pipes above 2 inches
12
Pipe Design
13
Corrosion Allowance
• Corrosion allowance describes an extra measurement
added to the thickness of the wall.
• Corrosion allowance is added to the wall thickness to
compensate for the metal expected to be lost over the life
of the equipment.
• The rate of corrosion is expressed in mm/year
• Factors that affect the rate of corrosion include:
 Temperature
 Humidity
 Rain
14
Mill Tolerance
• Mill tolerance comes from the
manufacturing process of
seamless and welded pipe.
• Mill Tolerance is the
tolerance for variation in the
thickness of pipe from
nominal pipe thickness which
is 12.5%.
15
Wall Thickness Calculation (ASME B31.1)
The minimum thickness of pipe wall required for design

pressures and for temperatures not exceeding those for
the various materials shall not be less than that
determined by equation as follows :
𝑃𝐷𝑜 𝑡𝑚 = Minimum Wall Thickness

𝑡𝑚 = +𝐴 P = Internal Design Pressure
2(𝑆𝐸 + 𝑃𝑦)
S = Maximum Allowable Stress
A = Additional Thickness
𝑃𝑑 + 2𝑆𝐸𝐴 + 2𝑦𝑃𝐴 y = Coefficient
𝑡𝑚 = +𝐴
2(𝑆𝐸 + 𝑃𝑦 − 𝑃) Do = Outside Diameter
E = Weld Joint Factor
16
Example
Pipe ERW 6” A53 Grade B
Outside Diameter = 6.625 in Corrosion Allowance = 3 mm (0.118 in)
Allowable Stress = 14.6 ksi (14600 psi) Mill Tolerance = 12.5 %
Design Pressure = 20 bar (290 psig) Coefficient = 0.4(ASME B31.1)
Design Temperature = 120 ͦ C (248 ͦ F) Weld Joint Factor = 0.85
𝑃𝐷𝑜
𝑡𝑚 = +𝐴
2(𝑆𝐸 + 𝑃𝑦)
290 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥 6.625 𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑚 = + 0.118 𝑖𝑛
2(14600 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑥 0.85 + 290 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥 0.4)
𝑡𝑚 = 0.194 𝑖𝑛
∗ 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 12.5 % 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0.183 𝑖𝑛 / 100% − 12.5 %
Thickness = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝒊𝒏 SCH 40

17
Dimension Standard
18
ASME B36.10 M (Carbon Steel)
Pipe
Dimensions
ASME B36.19 M (Stainless Steel)
19
ASME B36.10 M (Carbon Steel)
• This Standard covers the standardization of dimensions
of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for high or
low temperatures and pressures.
• Pipe NPS 12 (DN 300) and smaller have outside
diameters numerically larger than their corresponding
sizes.
• Pipe NPS 14 (DN 350) and larger proceeds on the basis of
an O.D. corresponding to the nominal size
• NPS 1/8 - 80
20
ASME B36.19 M (Stainless Steel)
• This Standard covers the standardization of dimensions
of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for high or
low temperatures and pressures.
• Pipe NPS 12 (DN 300) and smaller have outside
diameters numerically larger than their corresponding
sizes
• The suffix “S” in the schedule number is used to
differentiate B36.19M pipe from B36.10M pipe
• NPS 1/8 - 30
21
Difference Between CS & SS
We compare the differences between Stainless Steel and
Carbon Steel in the following aspects :
Carbon Steel Stainless Steel

No Chromium Oxide Layer Chromium Oxide Layer
Can Corrode Protected from Corrosion
Higher Thermal Conductivity Lower Thermal Conductivity
Higher Temperature Service Lower Temperature Service
Generally Inexpensive Generally More Expensive
Generally Lower Tensile Strength Generally Higher Tensile Strength
22
Material Standard
23
ASTM A 53
Pipe Material
ASTM A 106
24
ASTM A53
This specification covers seamless and welded carbon steel
pipe in NPS 1/8 to NPS 26. There is two grade In ASTM A 53:
• ASTM A53 Grade A
• ASTM A53 Grade B
Mechanical Properties
Strength Grade A Grade B
Tensile Strength [MPa] 330 415
Yield Strength [MPa] 205 240
25
ASTM A106
This specification covers seamless carbon steel pipe for
high-temperature service in NPS 1/8 to NPS 48. There is
three grade In ASTM A 106 :
• ASTM A106 Grade A
• ASTM A106 Grade B
• ASTM A106 Grade C
Mechanical Properties
Strength Grade A Grade B Grade C
Tensile Strength [MPa] 330 415 482
Yield Strength [MPa] 205 240 275
26
ASTM A53 Vs ASTM A106
We compare the differences between A53 PIPE and
A106 PIPE in the following aspects
ASTM A53 ASTM A106

Seamless or Welded Must be Seamless
Lower Temperature Service Higher Temperature Service
Lower Pressure Range Higher Pressure Range
Higher Mechanical Properties
Lower Mechanical Properties
(Grade C)
27
SS 304(L) Vs SS 316(L)
We compare the differences between SS 304(L) and
SS 316 (L) Stainless Steel in the following aspects
SS 304 (L) SS 316 (L)

Less Corrosion Resistance More Corrosion Resistance
Lower Cost Higher Cost
Not Contain Molybdenum Contain Molybdenum
Lower Temperature Strength Higher Temperature Strength
Can’t Withstand Under Saline Withstand Under Saline
Environments Environments
28
Pipe Fittings
29
ASME B16.9 (Butt Weld Fittings)
Fittings
ASME B16.11 (Socket Weld & Threaded Fittings)
30
ASME B16.9
• This Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances,
ratings, testing, and markings for factory-made wrought
butt welding fittings in sizes NPS 1⁄2 through NPS 48.
This standard contains :
1. Elbows 2. Tees
• LR Elbows • Straight Tees
• LR Reducing Elbows • Reducing Outlet Tees
• LR Return 3. Cross
• SR Elbow • Straight Cross
• SR Return • Reducing Outlet Cross
• 3D Elbow 4. Reducer
5. Caps
31
ASME B16.11
• This Standard covers ratings, dimensions, tolerances,
marking, and material requirements for forged fittings,
both socket-welding and threaded fittings in sizes NPS
1⁄8 through NPS 4.
• Fittings under this Standard shall be designated as :
1. Class 2000, 3000, and 6000 for threaded end fittings
2. Class 3000, 6000, and 9000 for socket-weld end fittings
• This standard contains :
1. Socket-Welding Fittings 2. Forged-Threaded Fittings
• 90-deg Elbow • 90-deg Elbow
• 45-deg Elbow • 45-deg Elbow
• Cross • Cross
• Tee • Tee
• Coupling • Street Elbow
• Half Coupling • Coupling 32
• Cap • Half Coupling Spirit of Innovation
• Cap
Long Radius
45-deg Elbow
Short Radius
Elbow Long Radius

90-deg Elbow
Short Radius
Cutback Elbow
3D
Long Radius
Bend 5D
Miter Bend
Straight Tee
Pipe Fittings Tee Reducing Tee
Barred Tee
Concentric
Reducer
Eccentric
Full Coupling
Coupling
Half Coupling
Union
Nipple
Concentric
Swage
Eccentric
Caps
Stub
On/In Sockolet
33
Olet Spirit of Innovation
Weldolet
Pipe Elbow
• The Elbow is used more than any other pipe fittings. It
Provides flexibility to change the pipe direction.
• Elbow mainly available in two standard types 90° and
45°. However, it can be cut to any other degree.
• Available on Butt-weld, Socket-weld, and Threaded
• Elbows are available in three types :
1. 45 ͦ Elbow
2. 90 ͦ Elbow
3. Cut Back Elbow
34
90 ͦ Elbow
• 90 ͦ Elbows are classified as long
radius or short radius elbows. .
• In a short radius elbow the
center to face (A) distance is 1.0
times NPS
• In a long radius elbow center to
face distance (B) is 1.5 times the
NPS
35
45 ͦ Elbow
• Center to face dimension is

not equivalent to the radius as
in 90° elbows.
• This is measured from each
face to the point of
intersection of the center lines
perpendicular to each other
36
Cutback/Trimming Elbow
Trimming the Elbow

means, trimming the 90
degree or 45 degree elbow
to reduced angle elbow by
cutting the elbow and
grinding it.
37
Pipe Bend
Long Radius Pipeline Bends
• Bends are usually custom-made (using a
bending machine)
• Pipe bend has very less pressure drop, and
smooth flow of fluid.
• 3D and 5D Pipe bends are commonly
available
Miter Bends
• Not standard pipe fittings they are fabricated from
pipes.
• Usually, they are preferred for large diameter pipe
• Miter bend can be fabricated in 3 & 5 pieces. 38
Reducer
• Reducer is the component in
a pipeline that reduces the
pipe size from a larger to a
smaller bore (inner
diameter).
• Reducer can be used either
as nozzle or as diffuser
• Dimension :
o 1 x ½ NPS
o 1 x ¾ NPS
39
Pipe Caps
• Pipe caps are used at the

dead end of the piping
system.
• It is also used in piping
headers for future
connections
• Available on Butt-Weld,
Socket-Weld, and
Threaded
40
Pipe Tee
• Pipe tee is used for distributing the fluid from the run
pipe.
• Pipe Tee having two outlet at 90 ͦ connection to the main
line.
• Available in Butt-Weld, Socket-Weld, and Threaded
• There are types of Tee used in piping :
1. Equal/Straight Tee
2. Reducing Tee
3. Barred Tee
41
Type of Tee
Straight Tee
• In straight tee, the diameter of the branch is
same as the diameter of the Run (Header) Pipe
Reducing Tee
• In reducing tee, diameter of the branch size is
smaller than the diameter of the Run (Header)
Pipe
Barred Tee
• A barred tee is used in pipelines that are pigged
• The branch of the tee has a restriction bar to
prevent the pig or scrapper to enter the branch
42
Pipe Stub-In & Stub-On
• Stub-in & Stub on can replace a
reducing tee in joining branch
pipes.
• A hole the diameter of the stub-
in pipe is drilled into the main
pipe.
• For stub on, the stub extends
only to the outside of the main
pipe
43
Branch Connections
• Branch Connection fittings (also known as O'lets) are
fittings which provide an outlet from a larger pipe to a
smaller one (or one of the same size).
• The main pipe onto which the branch connection is
welded is usually called the Run or Header size.
• The pipe to which the branch connection provides a
channel is usually called the Branch or Outlet size
• The most common of all branch connections :
1. Weldolet
2. Sockolet
44
Type Branch Connection
Weldolet
• Falls under the but weld fittings family
• Comes in full size or reducing size
• Minimize the stress concentration
• The ends are bevelled
Sockolet
• Falls under the socket-weld fittings family
• Comes in full size or reducing size
• Minimize the stress concentration
• Socket inside the olet
45
Coupling
Full Coupling
• Full Coupling is used for connecting small
bore pipes.
• It used to connect pipe to pipe
• Can be threaded or socket-weld
Half Coupling
• Half-couplings are threaded or socket-weld
at one end.
• The other end is welded or otherwise
fastened to the piping
46
Piping Union
• Unions are used as an alternative
to flanges connection in low-
pressure small bore piping.
• Unions can be threaded end or
socket weld ends
• Union allows easy connection and
disconnection
• There are three pieces in a union, a
nut, a female end, and a male end
47
Nipple & Hex Plug
Nipple
• Nipple is a short stub of pipe which
has a male pipe thread at each end or
at one end.
• It used for connecting two other
fittings.
Hex Plug
• Hex plugs are defined as cap end of
fractional tubes
• Hex plugs are designed to insert into
the end of tubing to dead-end the flow
• Easy to maintain and clean 48
Swage
• The swage is like reducers but small
in size and used to connect pipes to
smaller screwed or socket welded
pipes.
• Like reducers, they are also available
in concentric & eccentric type
• End to end distance longer than
reducer.
• Available on Butt-weld, Socket-weld
and Threaded
49
Flanges
50
ASME B16.5 (NPS1/2 Through 24)
Flanges
ASME B16.47 (NPS 26 Through 40)
51
ASME B16.5
• This Standard covers pressure–temperature ratings,
materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing
for pipe flanges and flanged fittings
• Flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600,
900, 1500, and 2500 in sizes NPS 1⁄2 - NPS 24
• Flanged fittings with rating class designation 150 and
300 in sizes NPS 1⁄2 through NPS 24
• Also included in this Standard are requirements and
recommendations regarding flange bolting, flange
gaskets, and flange joints.
52
ASME B16.47
• This Standard covers pressure–temperature ratings,
materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing
for pipe flanges
• Flanges with rating class designations 75, 150, 300, 400,
600, and 900 in sizes NPS 26 - NPS 60
• This Standard states values in both metric and U.S.
Customary units
• This Standard provides two series of flange dimensions
(Series A and B)
o Series A are much thicker, heavier and stronger than Series B flanges.
o Series A can withstand more external loading than Series B type
53
Weld Neck
Slip on Flange
Socket Weld Flange
Type of Flanges Lap Joint Flange

Threaded Flange
Blind Flange
Orifice Flange
54
Weld Neck Flange
• These flanges are bored to
match the inside diameter of the
mating pipe or fitting
• Smooth transition from flange
thickness to pipe or fitting wall
thickness
• Will not develop turbulence
allowing for less vibration
• This flange type will be welded
to a pipe or fitting with Butt-
weld 55
Slip on Flange
• These pipe flanges slip over the
pipe
• Inside diameter that is slightly
bigger than the pipe's outside
diameter
• This flange is ideal for low
pressure applications
• The connection with the pipe is
done with 2 fillet welds inside
1. Slip On flange 2. Filled weld outside
and outside
3. Filled weld inside 4. Pipe
56
Socket Weld Flange
• Socket Weld flanges were
initially developed for use on
small-size high pressure piping
• The connection with the pipe is
done with 1 fillet weld, at the
outside of the flange.
• The welder should ensure for a
expansion gap of 1/16 inch (1.6
mm) between de pipe and the 1.Socket Weld flange 2. Filled weld 3.
Pipe X = Expansion gap
shoulder of the socket.
57
Lap Joint Flange
• Lap joint flanges are usually
used in low pressure
applications
• These flanges are nearly
identical to a Slip On flange with
the exception the Stub End
• Lack of contact with the fluid in
the pipe
• Used for dissimilar metal
1. Lap Joint flange 2. Stub End
connection
3. Butt weld 4. Pipe or Fitting
58
Threaded Flange
• Threaded Flange can be
attached to the pipe without
welding.
• A threaded flange or fitting is
not suitable for a pipe system
with thin wall thickness
• Used almost exclusively in
smaller pipe sizes
1.Threaded flange 2. Thread
3. Pipe or Fitting
59
Blind Flange
• Blind Flanges are manufactured

without a bore and used to
blank off the ends of piping.
• It also permits easy access to the
interior of a line.
• Generally for maintenance and
future connection.
1.Blind flange 2. Stud Bolt 3. Gasket
4. Other flange
60
Orifice Flange
• Orifice Flanges are used with
orifice meters for the purpose
of measuring the flow rate of
either liquids or gases in the
respective pipeline.
• Same principle as a Venturi
nozzle, namely Bernoulli's
principle.
• Flanges are available in
Welding Neck, Slip On, and
Threaded form 61
Raised Face (RF)
Flanges Face Flat Face (FF)
Ring Type Joint (RTJ)
62
Flat Face (RF)
• The Flat Face flange has a gasket
surface in the same plane as the
bolting circle face.
• Sealing is achieved by
compression of a flat gasket.
• In this case the large gasket
contact area spreads the flange
loading
• Flat faced flanges are used in
low pressure and temperature
environments. 63
Raised Face (RF)
• Raised Face flange is the most
common type used in process
plant applications
• The purpose of a RF flange is to
concentrate more pressure on a
smaller gasket area
• It is referred to as a raised face
because the gasket surfaces are
raised above the bolting circle
face
64
Ring Type Joint (RTJ)
• Ring Type Joint gaskets are
metallic sealing rings, suitable
for high-pressure and high-
temperature applications
• Most applied type is style R
ring both oval and octagonal
configurations
• The octagonal cross section has
a higher sealing efficiency than
the oval and would be the
preferred 65
Flange Rating/Class
• Pressure rating defines maximum that a flange of given
class can withstand at given temperature
• The ANSI/ASME pressure ratings for a given class change
based on the material from which it is made
• The nominal flange “Class” (e.g., Class 125) generally
represents the maximum working pressure at the
temperature
• Flanges with a higher rating can withstand higher
pressure than lower ratings at the same temperature
66
Example
ASME 16.5 Table 2-1.1
Pressure : 20 bar
Temperature : 120 ͦC
Material : A 105
Interpolation
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Result
Class 150 : 16.94 bar
Class 300 : 45.89 bar Chosen
67
Gasket
68
ASME B16.20 (Metallic Gasket)
Gasket
ASME B16.21 (Non Metallic Gasket)
69
ASME B16.20
• This Standard covers materials, dimensions, tolerances,
and markings for :
1. Metal ring-joint gaskets
2. Spiral wound metal gaskets
3. Metal-jacketed gaskets
• These gaskets are dimensionally suitable for use with

flanges described in reference flange standards ASME
B16.5 and ASME B16.47
• This Standard covers spiral-wound metal gaskets and
metal jacketed gaskets for use with raised-face and flat –
face flanges
70
ASME B16.21
• This Standard covers types, sizes, materials, dimensions,
tolerances, and markings for nonmetallic flat gaskets.
• For low Pressure Class applications (Class 25, Class 125,
Class 250, Class 300, Class 400, Class 600, Class 900)
• Usually composite sheet materials are used with flat-face
and raised-face.
• Non-metallic gaskets are manufactured from aramid
fiber, glass fiber, elastomer
71
Ring-Joint Gasket
• Ring Type Joint gaskets are
designed to seal by
"initial line contact" or wedging
action between the mating flange
and the gasket
• Ring Type Joints used for sealing
high pressure
• Cost of this gasket is more
expensive when compared to other
gaskets.
72
Spiral Wound Gasket
• Appropriate flange standard

(ASME B16.5 or ASME
B16.47)
• Spiral wound gaskets can
work in corrosive, hot, high-
pressure situations
• Able to withstand changes in
temperature and pressure
73
Jacketed Gasket
• Jacketed gaskets shall be
made with a filler material
enclosed in a metal jacket.
• The metal jacket covering the
filler material prevents
contamination
• Jacketed gaskets are most
commonly used in heat
exchanger, boiler etc. when
high temperature gas is the
fluid .
74
Stud Bolt
75
Stud Bolt
• Stud Bolt length are defined in
ASME B16.5 standard
• Bolts threading are defined in
ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw
Threads
• The length in inches is equal to the
effective thread length measured
parallel to the axis
• Frequently used grades are A193
for thread rods and A194 for the
nuts
76
Nut
• A nut is a type of fastener with
a threaded hole
• Used in conjunction with a
mating bolt to fasten multiple
parts together
• Depending on a customer
specification, nuts must be
both sites chamfered or with
on one side a washer-face
77
Washers
• Distribute the load of a threaded
fastener, such as a bolt or nut.
• Preventing corrosion, particularly
by insulating steel screws from
Aluminum surfaces
• Usually metal or plastic
• Washers can be categorized into
three types;
1. Plain washers
2. Spring washers
3. Locking washers
78
Type of Washers
Plain Washer
Spread a load, and prevent damage to the
surface being fixed
Spring Washer
Have axial flexibility and are used to
prevent fastening or loosening due to
vibrations
Locking Washer
Prevent fastening or loosening by
preventing unscrewing rotation of the
fastening device
79

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Piping

Pipe Fittings Flange Valves Gaskets Bolts

Electric Spiral Weld

The minimum thickness of pipe wall required for design

𝑃𝐷𝑜 𝑡𝑚 = Minimum Wall Thickness

∗ 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 12.5 % 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0.183 𝑖𝑛 / 100% − 12.5 %

Thickness = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝒊𝒏 SCH 40

Carbon Steel Stainless Steel

ASTM A53 ASTM A106

SS 304 (L) SS 316 (L)

Elbow Long Radius

Pipe Fittings Tee Reducing Tee

• Center to face dimension is

Trimming the Elbow

• Pipe caps are used at the

Socket Weld Flange

Type of Flanges Lap Joint Flange

• Blind Flanges are manufactured

1.Blind flange 2. Stud Bolt 3. Gasket

Flanges Face Flat Face (FF)

Ring Type Joint (RTJ)

• These gaskets are dimensionally suitable for use with

• Appropriate flange standard

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