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Group 1
INTRODUCTION
• Pumping systems account for nearly 20% of the world’s electrical energy
demand and range from 25-50% of the energy usage in certain
industrial plant operations (US DOE, 2004).
• Pumps have two main purposes:
• Transfer of liquid from one place to another place (e.g. water from
an underground aquifer into a water storage tank)
• Circulate liquid around a system (e.g. cooling water or lubricants
through machines and equipment)
• Pumps operate by creating low pressure at the inlet which allows the
liquid to be pushed into the pump by atmospheric or head
pressure
components of a pumping system
• The main components of a pumping system are:
• Pumps
• Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines or air system
• Piping, used to carry the fluid
• Valves, used to control the flow in the system
• Other fittings, controls and instrumentation
• End-use equipment,
Types of Pumps
• Positive displacement • Jet pumps
• piston pump • Turbomachines
• Diaphragm pump • axial-flow (propeller pump)
• peristaltic pump • radial-flow (centrifugal pump)
• Rotary pumps • mixed-flow (both axial and radial
• gear pump flow)
• two-lobe rotary pump
• screw pump
Selection of Pump Type
1000
Positive
displacement
100 Radial
6000
Pumping head (m)
4000
Power (kW)
2000
hp 10 Mixed 1000
600
400
200
1 100
Axial 60
40
1 2 4 6 20
0.1 10
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Flow (m3/s)
SPECIFIC SPEED
• SPECIFIC SPEED CRITERION (N S )
• If Ns > 500, you are most likely in the area of centrifugal pumps.
• If Ns < 500, a positive displacement pump is a likely candidate.
*
N sp
N Q
34
Impeller Geometry: S Q
34
ghp
hp Shape Factor
Impeller
N S diameter
500 0.18 pressure low ____
Radial: high _______, flow
flow
axial: high _______, pressure
low _______
10000 3.67
2
H a bQ
NPSH A
hatm hs hvp hs
• Under this condition, vapor bubbles form (water starts
to boil) at the impeller inlet and when these bubbles
are carried into a zone of higher pressure, they
collapse abruptly and hit the vanes of the impeller
(near the tips of the impeller vanes). causing:
Efficiency
cy
40 cien 50%
effi
40%
%
30
20
10
Q (m3/hr)
• The pump characteristic curves are very important to help
select the required pump for the specified conditions.
• If the system curve is plotted on the pump curves in we may
produce the following Figure:
Efficiency %
60 60%
ncy
50 50%
icie
H (m) 40%
eff
40 System Curve
30
20
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Q (m3 /hr)
Two pumps in series
NPSH - m
6
4
NPSH 2
0
70 Pump Curve 80%
60 70%
Efficiency %
50 60%
H (m)
y
ienc
40 50%
c
effi
40%
30
20
10
Q (m3/hr)
Variable-speed pumps