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Objectives
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers, and classify
them,
Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and determine
the overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat exchanger,
Perform a general energy analysis on heat exchangers,
Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature
difference for use in the LMTD method, and modify it for
different types of heat exchangers using the correction
factor,
Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat
exchangers when outlet temperatures are not known using
the effectiveness-NTU method,
Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat
exchangers.
Types of Heat Exchangers
Different heat transfer applications
require different types of hardware
and different configurations of heat
transfer equipment.
1 1 1 1 1
R Rwall (11-4)
UAs U i Ai U o Ao hi Ai ho Ao
When the wall thickness of the tube is small and the thermal conductivity
of the tube material is high (Rwall=0) and the inner and outer surfaces of
the tube are almost identical (Ai≈Ao≈As), Eq. 11–4 simplifies to
When hi>>ho
When hi<<ho 1 1 1
(11-5)
U hi ho
1 1
U ho
1 1
U hi
Fouling Factor
1 R f ,i ln D0 Di R f ,o 1
R (11-8)
hi Ai Ai 2 kL Ao ho Ao
Analysis of Heat Exchangers
Two different design tasks:
1) Specified:
- the temperature change in a fluid stream, and
- the mass flow rate.
Required:
- the designer needs to select a heat exchanger.
2) Specified:
- the heat exchanger type and size,
- fluid mass flow rate,
- inlet temperatures.
Required:
- the designer needs to predict the outlet temperatures and heat
transfer rate.
Two methods used in the analysis of heat exchangers:
the log mean temperature difference (or LMTD)
best suited for the #1,
The analysis of heat exchangers can be greatly simplify by making the
following assumptions, which are closely approximated in practice:
steady-flow,
kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
the specific heat of a fluid is constant,
axial heat conduction along the tube is negligible,
the outer surface of the heat exchanger is perfectly insulated.
The first law of thermodynamics requires that the rate of heat transfer
from the hot fluid be equal to the rate of heat transfer to the cold one.
The transfer rate to the cold fluid:
Q mc c pc Tc ,out Tc ,in Cc Tc ,out Tc ,in ; Cc mc c pc
(11-9) (11-12) (11-11)
The transfer rate to the hot fluid:
Q mh c ph Th ,in Th ,out Ch Th ,in Th ,out ; Ch mh c ph
(11-10) (11-13) (11-11)
Q U Th Tc dAs
Substituting this equation into Eq. 11–20 and rearranging give
(11-21)
Integrating from the inlet of the heat exchanger to its outlet, we obtain
d Th Tc 1 1
UdAs (11-22)
Th Tc mh c ph mc c pc
Th ,out Tc ,out 1 1
ln UAs (11-23)
Th ,in Tc ,in mh c ph mc c pc
Solving Eqs. 11–9 and 11–10 for mccpc and mhcph
and substituting into Eq. 11–23 give
Q UAs Tlm (11-24)
T1 T2
Tlm
ln T1 T2
(11-25)
UAs Cmin
1 exp 1
Cmin Cmax
e parallel flow (11-38)
Cmin
1
Cmax
Effectiveness relations of the heat exchangers
typically involve a dimensionless group called
the number of transfer units NTU
UAs UAs
NTU=
Cmin
mc p (11-39)
min
Materials,