HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PSY.

127 4W2
INSTRUCTOR AILEEN MCCABE
BY EARL R. LOFLAND
AUGUST 30, 2018

LATE ADULTHOOD AND LIVING WITH MOVEMENT DISORDERS

PARKINSON’S DISEASE TREMORS.
ESSENTIAL TREMORS
DYKINESIA
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common
age-related neurodegenerative disorder.
 Dopamine levels affect bodily functions
such as movement, memory, sleep and mood
Dopamine is produced in the ventral tegmental
area (VTA) Substantia Nigra pars compacta and
the hypothalamus of the brain
 Dopamine producing brain cells
progressively deteriorates the
person with PD ability to
manage movement in their
hands, arms, upper torso and
lower extremities, typically
called dyskinesia.
Dyskinesia can be
misdiagnosed for
“tremors” and
“rigidity”
Primary symptoms include: Secondary symptoms include:

o Tremor o Anxiety

o Stiffness o Depression

o Slowness o Dementia

o Impaired balance

o Shuffling gait later in the disease

There are 5 stages of Parkinson’s Disease, and

several symptoms. This presentation will give
an insight to Parkinson’s Disease Dyskinesia
and Parkinsonian tremor.
Levodopa is used to increase the dopamine
levels in the brain and body to reduce
Parkinsonian tremors

Too much levodopa in the body causes

Dyskinesia.
Parkinson’s has both motor and non-motor symptoms

Symptoms include:
hallucinations- (seeing or hearing things not there)
blurry or double vision
uncontrollable sweating.
 Typically, Parkinson’s Disease isn’t diagnosed until the
individual has a stroke. That impacts motor functions.
At that time motor symptoms have advanced where the
individual has lost some of their motor functions
Walking with a gait, or tripping caused by dragging their
feet

• Tremors, Shaking in their hand(s)

• Their arms may not move normally while they are
walking.
These symptoms are typically associated with the latter
part of stage 2 or the beginning of stage 3 of Parkinson’s
Disease.
 . The substantia nigra is responsible for movement coordination

Dopaminergic neurons
in the substantia nigra
in the brain die is linked to
Parkinson’s Disease

Researchers induced a silent stroke like state

(mild stroke) in the striatum area of the brain of
laboratory mice.
Not surprisingly,
Inflammation and damage in the striatum was
detected .
 Deep Brain Stimulation

A small device (pacemaker) is placed

inside the patient’s chest and sends
electrical pulses to the brain. The
pulses block nerve signals that cause
tremors and other movement disorders
Deep Brain Stimulation
Surgery Risks include:
Infection of the wound
Hemorrhaging
Excessive bleeding to the
blood vessels
Stroke
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound
technology is now being used to eliminate the symptoms
of Dyskinesia, Essential Tremors and Parkinsonian
Tremors

Advantages
•Focused ultrasound is non-invasive – no incisions, holes in the skull,
electrodes in the brain – and therefore has reduced risk for infection
and blood clots.
•Precise targeting minimizes damage to non-targeted healthy brain.
•Compared to deep brain stimulation, focused ultrasound is a single
procedure, and does not require subsequent procedures/visits to replace
batteries, repair broken wires, or adjust simulator settings. It also does
not involve the collateral damage to healthy tissue or the risk of
infections associated with implanting a foreign body.