Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
P
Les plantes médicinales: de
l’usage traditionnel aux
médicaments modernes
Kurt Hostettmann
Constituants
Reine Essentielle
Huiles
Infusions
Aufguss Extrakt
Extraits
Bestandteile
purs essentielles
Öle
Tisanes
Kräutertee Phytomédicaments
Phytomedikamente
Assurance de qualité
Phytomédicament
Critères pour
l’enregistrement
Efficacité Sécurité
Qualité
L’écorce de saule dans l’histoire
OH OH OH
Problèmes visuels
(coloration jaune
de la vision)
Portrait du Dr.
Gachet (1890)
Musée d’Orsay
Paris
L’absinthe
• Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae)
• Constituants principaux :
- principes amers (lactones
sesquiterpéniques) : absinthine, artabasine
- huile essentielle : thujone, thujylalcool, H3C H
sabinol comme monoterpènes O
principaux
(-)-thujone
Vincent Van Gogh
codéine
papavérine
Papaver somniferum
Alcaloïdes du tropane
H3C N H3C N
H OH H OH
O H H
O O
O O
(-)-scopolamine (-)-hyoscyamine
atropine (mél. racémique)
Flavonoids R1
Ginkgolides O
OH
HO
R2 O
R2O O
O
O
O
R1 OR3
H3C R3
O O OH O
Synthesis of ginkgolide B
O
HO
OH O
O
O O
H3C HO
O O
– air pollution
– low temperature (< -20°C)
– fungal attack
Resistant to – viral attack
– Insects
– fire
– radiation
(survived to the atomic
bomb of Hisroshima)
Hypericum perforatum
(Hypericaceae)
OH O OH
HO
O
HO CH 3
HO R
O
O
OH O OH
Millepertuis et
interactions médicamenteuses
taxol AcO
O O
OH
HO
O
NH
HO
Ph O O
Ph O AcO
O
Taxol
Taxus brevifolia (if du Pacifique)
10'000 Kg d’écorces 1 Kg taxol
O
O
O
artemisinin
Registered antimalarial medicines
HO
N
O O
O
Cl Cl
O
OMe
artemether lumefantrine
Cl
Paluther®
OH
N CH 3
O
H3CO
galanthamine
Production de la galanthamine
H3CO COOH
O O
Stengel B, Jones E. End-stage renal insufficiency associated with Chinese herbal consumption in France. Nephrologie. 19:15-20, 1998
Vanherweghem JL. et al. Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis in young women: association with slimming regimen including
Chinese herbs. Lancet. 341: 387-91, 1993
confusion between Aristolochia fangchi andStephania tetrandra
due to their similar Chinese names
O O
1
limit of detection
0.6 mg
1 E+1 E 1 E+1 E
OH OH
COOH - CO2
O O
O Androsténone HO
H
Androsténol
H
Etudes épidémiologiques
Chine Chine
Japon Japon
Inde Inde
Italie Espagne
Ecosse
Finlande
Finlande
Suède
Suède
Ecosse
Suisse
Suisse
USA(blancs)
USA(noirs) USA(blancs)
OH OH
OH O O
HO O génistéine HO O daidzéine
L’amanite tue-mouches
Amanita muscaria Hooker (Agaricaceae)
HO HO
- CO2
N N
CHNH2 CHNH2
O O
COOH H
N N
CH3 CH3
NH NH
N,N-diméthyltryptamine psilocine
N N
CH3 CH3
NH NH
bufoténine 5-méthylbufoténine
Plants: an unexplored source
of chemical entities
• Over 350’000 species of higher plants have been
identified
• Only 10% have been investigated from a
phytochemical and pharmacological point of view
• One plant can contain up to several thousand
secondary metabolites
Procedure for obtaining the active principles from plants
extraction separation
bio-assay
bio-assay structure modification
bio-assay
General setup for LC/UV/MS and LC/NMR analyses
Splitting dependent
INJECTION HPLC of the LC/MS spectra
- Extract Post-column pump interfaces used
- Fraction addition of the MS
- Mixture LC/MS additives waste
MS
1 LC/MS
INTERFACE UV
HPLC
HPLC column UV
pump
Computer
2
control of pump, NMR
UV and NMR for
stop-flow experiments
waste LC probe NMR
Targets for bioassay
• Lower organisms
– microorganisms, insects, crustaceans, molluscs
• Cultured cells
– human or animal origin
Galanthamine
N CH 3
O
• New drug used for the
treatment of Alzheimer disease
• Isolated in the mid 50's from H3CO
different Galanthus spp.
(Amaryllidaceae)
• Inhibitor of
acetylcholinesterase
• Improves cholinergic
transmission
Galanthus nivalis
TLC detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors -
reaction scheme
O-COCH3 OH
AChE
+ CH3COOH
N N N N 2Cl-
+ +
OCH3
Fast Blue Salt B
OH H3CO OH
N N N N
OCH3
Azo dye (purple)
Rf 0
G E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8
Galanthamine Extracts of different Amaryllidaceae species
0.01 mg 15 mg
Plants have always been and
always will be a source of
our medicines