Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Before construction
i. Feasibility study
ii. Surveying
iii. Site investigation
iv. Planning
v. Design and drawing
vi. Estimating
vii. Planning and scheduling
During construction
i. Dealing with clients, consulting engineer and
contractors
ii. Execution and supervision
iii.Quality control
iv.Costing
After construction
i. Maintenance and repairs
ii. Valuation
According to the function of civil engineering
a) Surveying
b) Planning
c) Structural analysis and design
d) Professional practice
i. Estimating
ii. Costing and accounts
iii. Valuation
iv. Contracts
e) Construction management
i. Planning and scheduling
ii. Construction execution and supervision
f) Quality control and research
g) Maintenance of structure
Role of civil engineers
Civil engineers main role is in surveying, planning,
designing, estimation and execution of structures like
building, roads, railways, ports, airports, dams, canals,
water and waste water treatment plants, water
distribution network and sewerage system.
To implement management techniques for better
management of man, material, machine and money.
To carry out surveying and leveling with survey
instrument for setting out of work and preparing map.
To carry out soil investigations for the design of
foundation of structures.
To carry out planning of building as per its functional
needs, as suggested by clients or user.
To carry out the design of structures as per the
principle of structure analysis and design.
To carry out the quantity survey and to prepare
estimate to know the probable cost of completion of
works.
To invite tenders and to select contractor for the
work.
To carry out valuation of land or building for the
purpose of finding its sale or purchase price.
Construction materials
Structure
They may be crystalline or amorphous.
Unstratified rocks are good as building material
Stratified rocks are liable to get separated along the
planes of the strata and hence require to be placed
properly
Appearance
Stone of light shades are preferred to dark stone
Weight
Light weight stones are preferred for domes and arches.
Heavy stones are preferred for structural stability
Requirements of stone
Fineness of grains
Non crystalline stones are difficult to handle. For
moulding and carving works fine grained stones are very
suitable.
Durability
Stone must have the property to resist loads. Alternate
cooling and heating at certain location
Strength
Minimum crushing strength is 100N/mm2. Igneous rocks
have 100 to 350 N/mm2 crushing strength
Hardness
Facility of working and dressing
Uses of stone
They are used in foundation, walls, column, arches etc.
They are used in ornamental features and to provide
fine smooth faces of walls
They are used in hydraulic structures like dams and
bridges
Uses of stone
They are used in retaining wall masonry to retain the
soil
They are used as road metal in road construction
They are used as ballast for permanent way in railway
They are used to make concrete in the form of coarse
aggregate.
Stone works used in construction work
Name of Type Uses
stone
Granite Igneous For steps, Floors, platform
Basalt Igneous For foundation, as road
metal
Laterite Metamorphic For masonry work
Limestone Sedimentary In footing and flooring
Marble Metamorphic For flooring, kitchen platform
Sandstone Sedimentary Floors, walls, facing work
Slate Metamorphic For roofs and sills
TIMBER
It should be dense
It should be workable, good machinability
It should have uniform texture
When it is struck it should produce a sonorous sound
TIMBER
Kiln Seasoning
Chemical Seasoning
Seasoning by boiling water
Electrical Seasoning
Seasoning of timber
Natural timber
Babul, Deodar, Oak, Sisum, Pine, Neem, Sandal
etc.
Industrial timber
Veneers
Veneers are thin sheets of wood of superior quality
obtained by rotating a log of wood against sharp cutter
of saw
The thickness of veneers varies from 0.4 mm to 6 mm
or even more
Types of timber
Plywood
Plywood are made by gluing together the thin sheets of
veneers.
The sheets are kept one over the other such that the
grains of one layer are at right angles to the other
Plywood is light in weight and hence it is easy to
transport
it is not affected by moisture
It is resistance to cracking and splitting
Variety of decorative finishes are available
Types of timber
Fiberboards
It is prepared from wood fibers by applying
pressure.
The pieces of wood and vegetables fibers are
collected and heated in a hot water boiler to
separate the fibers.
They are cleaned and pressed between steel bars to
obtain
Types of timber
Impreg timber
Timber which is fully or partially covered with resin
is known as Impreg timber
Sunmica and Formica are the examples of this
timber
Compreg timber
Timber which is fully or partially covered with resin
and curing is carried out under pressure is called
Compreg timber
Cross section of timber
Outer bark
Inner bark
Cambium layer
Sap wood
Heart wood
Medullary rays
Pith
Uses of timber
It is used as centering material or formwork material in
R.C.C. structure
It is used to make doors, windows and shutters
It is used for railway sleepers and also used for making
railway coach
It is used for boat construction and temporary bridges
It is used for making small house in a region where there is
a heavy snow fall
TYPES OF METALS
Ferrous metals
It contain iron as the main constituent
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron
steel
Non-Ferrous metals
It do not contain iron as the main constituent. Aluminum, cobalt,
lead, magnesium, tin, zinc, copper etc. are belong to this type
Types of iron
Pig iron
The crude impure iron which is extracted from iron ores is known
as pig iron
Cast iron
Cast iron is made by remolding pig iron with coke and limestone in
a cupola furnace
It contains about 2 to 4% of carbon and various impurities
Wrought iron
It is almost pure iron and it contains carbon less than 0.15%
It is used where a tough material is required
Types of iron
Steel
Steel forms an intermediate stage between cast iron and
wrought iron with carbon contain 0.25 to 1.5%
Types of steel
Mild steel(0.10 to 0.25% carbon)
Medium carbon steel(0.25 to 0.60 %)
High carbon steel(0.60 to 1.10%)
Properties of cast iron
Cast iron is weak in tension and strong in compression
Two pieces of cast iron cannot be connected by riveting or
welding
Under the effect of salt, cast iron becomes soft
It can not be magnetized
It does not rust easily
It is not ductile
It can not absorb heavy shocks
Properties of wrought iron
It can be easily forged and welded under heat at soft
stage
It cannot be used for making castings
It is ductile
It is malleable
It is tough and elastic
It has corrosion resistance
It is nor affected by saline water
Properties of steel
Mild steel
It can be forged and welded
It is malleable and ductile
It has resistance to salt
It is tough and elastic
It rusts easily and rapidly
Melting points are about 1400 c
Specific gravity is 7.80
Properties of steel iron
Hard steel
It can not be forged and welded
It has granular structure
It is tougher and more elastic than mild steel
It can absorb shocks and vibration