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Solution Properties
B. Laboratory Mathematics and Calculations
A. Solution Properties
Introduction
i. Solute
ii. Solvent
iii. Biologic solutes (analytes)
iv. Biologic fluids
v. Solution
A. Solution Properties
Introduction
i. Solute
a substance dissolved
in liquid
ii. Solvent
the liquid which the solute
is dissolved
A. Solution Properties
Introduction
iii. Biologic solutes (analytes)
Substance dissolved
in biologic fluids.
iv. Biologic fluids
The liquid in which
analytes is dissolved.
A. Solution Properties
Introduction
v. Solute + Solvent = Solution
A. Solution Properties
Introduction
i. Solute
ii. Solvent
iii. Biologic solutes (analytes)
iv. Biologic fluids
v. Solution
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
Expression of Analyte concentration:
i. Percent solution
ii. Molarity
iii. Molality
iv. Normality
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
Expression of Analyte concentration:
i. Percent solution
amount of solutes per 100 total units of solution
Percent means parts per 100, represented by %
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
Expression of Analyte concentration:
i. Percent solution
Three expression of percent solution
1) % Weight per volume (w/v)
2) % Volume per volume (v/v)
3) % Weight per weight (w/w)
Laboratory Mathematics
Percent Solution
1. Weight/Volume
Grams of solute
% w/v = X 100
mL of solution
% w/v X mL of solution
Grams of solute =
100
6.8g/0.8L 0.85%
NaCl NaCl
Laboratory Mathematics
Percent Solution
1. Weight/Volume
i. What amount of NaCl is needed to make 800 ml of
0.85% solution?
Grams of solute
% w/v X mL of solution
% w/v
Grams =
of solute = X 100
mL of solution100
0.85 X 800
Grams of solute = = 6.8 g
100
Laboratory Mathematics
Percent Solution
2. Volume/Volume
mL of solute
% v/v = X 100
mL of solution
% w/v X mL of solution
mL of solute =
100
Laboratory Mathematics
Percent Solution
2. Volume/Volume
i. Prepare 500 mL 40% alcohol from stock absolute
alcohol solution.
volume
% w/vofXsolute
mL of solution
% v/v
mL =
of solute = X 100
mL of solution
100
40 X 500
mL of solute = = 200 mL
100
Laboratory Mathematics
Percent Solution
3. Weight/Weight
grams of solute
% w/w = X 100
grams of solution
grams of solute
Molarity of a solution =
MW x volume of solution (L)
grams of solute
Molarity
Grams of a solution
of solute = molarity= x GMW x volume of solution (L)
GMW x volume of solution (L)
I. Molarity (M)
ii. A Liter of solution contains 24 g of NaOH, what is the
molarity? MW of NaOH = 40g
grams of solute
Molarity of a solution =
GMW x volume of solution (L)
24 24
M = 0.6 M =
40 x 1 40 x 1
Laboratory Mathematics
I. Molarity (M)
iii. Make up 250 ml of a 4.8 M solution of HCL ?
MW of HCL = 36.5g
grams of solute
Molarity
Grams of a solution
of solute = molarity= x GMW x volume of solution (L)
GMW x volume of solution (L)
grams of solute
Normality of a solution =
Equivalent weight x volume(L)
grams of solute
Normality of a solution =
Equivalent weight x volume(L)
7 7
N = 0.285 N =
49 x 0.5 49 x 0.5
111g/L 2N
Laboratory Mathematics CaCl2 CaCl2
grams of solute
Normality of a solution =
Equivalent weight x volume(L)
111 111
N = 2N =
55.5 x 1 55.5x 1
Laboratory Mathematics
II. Normality (N)
iii. To make 500 mL of 3 N NaSO4 how much substance must
be weighted? MW of Na2SO4 = 142 g ; Valence = 2
grams of solute
Normality
Grams of a solution
of solute = x EW x volume of solution (L)
= normality
Equivalent weight x volume(L)
grams of solute
Normality
Grams of a solution
of solute = x EW x volume of solution (L)
= normality
Equivalent weight x volume(L)
grams of solute
Molality (m) =
molecular weight x Kg of solvent
grams of solute
Molality (m) =
molecular weight x Kg of solvent
15.6 15.6
m = 0.53 m =
58.5 x 0.5 58.5 x 0.5
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
Expression of Analyte concentration:
i. Percent solution
ii. Molarity
iii. Molality
iv. Normality
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
Extent of saturation:
i. Dilute – little quantity of solute in a solution
ii. Concentrated – large quantity of solute in a solution
iii. Saturated – excess in undissolved solute particles
iv. Supersaturated – greater undissolved solute particles
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
Extent of saturation:
Saturated and Supersaturated
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
i. Vapor pressure
ii. Freezing point
iii. Boiling point
iv. Osmotic pressure
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
i. Vapor pressure
Pressure at which
the liquid solvent is
in equilibrium with
the water vapors.
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
ii. Freezing point – vapor pressures of solid or liquid is equal
iii. Boiling point – vapor pressure of the solvent reaches 1 atm
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
iv. Osmotic pressure – pressure that opposes osmosis
when a solvent flows through a semi-permeable
membrane.
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
i. Vapor pressure
ii. Freezing point
iii. Boiling point
iv. Osmotic pressure
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
d. Redox potential (Oxidation-reduction potential)
Is a measure of the ability of a solution to accept or
donate electrons
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
e. Conductivity
Measure how well electricity passes though a solution
Depends on the charges of the ions present
Expressed in ohm -1
Resistivity
Resistance of substance to the passage of electrical
current
Expressed in ohms
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
f. pH and Buffers
Buffers
Weak acids or bases and their related salts
Minimize changes in hydrogen ion concentration
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
B. Other Laboratory Mathematics and
Calculations
B. Other Laboratory Mathematics
I. Milliequivalent (mEq/L)
II. Millimoles (mmol/L)
III. Ratio
IV. Dilution
B. Other Laboratory Mathematics
I. Glucose (mg/dL)
II. Chloride (mmol/L)
III. Magnesium and Calcium (mEq/L)
B. Laboratory Mathematics
I. Milliequivalent
For expressing electrolytes
A milliequevalent is the EW expressed in milligrams
mg/dL mEq/L
mg/dL x 10 x valence
mEq/L =
molecular weight
B. Laboratory Mathematics
I. Milliequivalent
i. If a solution contains 350 mg/dL Na+, how many mEq/L of
Na+ does it contain. MW of Na = 23 ; Valence of Na = 1
mg/dL x 10 x valence
mEq/L =
molecular weight
350 x 10 x 1
= = 152 mEq/L Na
23
B. Laboratory Mathematics
I. Milliequivalent
ii. A solution containing 12 mg/dL Ca++ contains how many
mEq/L calcium? MW of Ca = 40; Valence of Ca = 2
mg/dL x 10 x valence
mEq/L =
molecular weight
12 x 10 x 2
= = 6 mEq/L Ca++
40
B. Laboratory Mathematics
II. Millimoles
Molecular weight expressed in milligrams
mg/dL x 10
mmol/L =
molecular weight
B. Laboratory Mathematics
II. Millimoles
i. Convert a 3 mg/dL magnesium to mmol/L.
MW of Mg = 24.31
mg/dL x 10
mmol/L =
molecular weight
3 x 10
= = 1.23 mmol/L
24.31
B. Laboratory Mathematics
II. Millimoles
ii. Convert 8.2 mg/dL calcium to millimoles per liter.
MW of Ca = 40
mg/dL x 10
mmol/L =
molecular weight
8.2 x 10
= = 2.05 mmol/L
40
B. Laboratory Mathematics
III. Ratio
Volume of solute per volume of solvent
Volume of solute
Ratio =
Volume of solvent
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Dilution
Ratio of the volume of substance to be diluted to the
final volume
Volume of solute
Dilution =
Volume of solution
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Dilution
i. Calculate the dilution using 50 µL of blood and 950 µL
of diluting fluid.
50 (blood) + 950 (diluting fluid) = 1000 µL
1000/50 = 20
1:20
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Dilution
ii. Calculate the dilution using 0.5 mL of urine and 8.5 mL
of isotonic saline.
iii. Calculate the dilution of 0.1 mL serum in 0.9 mL water
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Serial Dilution
Multiple progressive dilutions ranging from more
concentrated solutions to less concentrated solutions
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Serial Dilution
i. A serum sample was diluted 1:10, then 1:10, then 1:2.
What is the final dilution?
A. Solution Properties
B. Other Laboratory Mathematics and
Calculations