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J.CHIKAPHONYA 21/11/2018 1
Two main types of voltages in use
◦ Direct current
◦ Alternating current
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Alternating current system is varsetile since it
can be used by both A.C. and D.C.
Consumers.
D.C. supply can be obtained from the A.C. by
rectifying the A.C. into D.C
Direct current generators are expensive.
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Extra low voltages:
◦ Up to 30 Vrms (A.C.) and 50 V (D.C.)
Low Voltage:
◦ 250 V or less.
Medium Voltages:
◦ 251 to 650 V
High Voltage:
◦ 651 to 3000 V
Extra-High voltages:
◦ More than 3000 V
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It is impractical for the supply authorities to
maintain the same constant voltage at the
terminals of their customers due to voltage
drops in the distribution system as the loads
vary.
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The acceptable variation under the electricity
regulation is ± 10% of the declared voltage.
The permitted variation in frequency is ± 1%
of declared frequency.
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There are 4 distinct stages of a 3 phase
electricity system:
◦ Generation
◦ Transmission
◦ Distribution
◦ Utilisation
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Voltage is generated at 11KV (Malawi)
The generator has 2 main Parts:
◦ Startor
◦ Rotor
But to fully operate, the generator needs two
additional parts
◦ Exciter
◦ Prime mover
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Electrical
PRIME output
ROTOR STATOR
MOVER (a.c.
voltage)
EXCITER
(dc
source)
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Generator works on electromagnetic
induction principle which is based on
Faradays law
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The rotor winding is continuously fed from a
dc source through brushes and slip rings
The direct current flowing in the rotor
conductors produces a magnetic flux in the
air around it
As the prime mover (turbine) drives the rotor,
the magnetic flux is carried with it.
As it rotates, the flux cuts the stator
conductors thereby inducing an EMF in the in
them.
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The stator conductors are placed at 120° to
each other, therefore the flux does not cut
the cut the conductors simultaneously but at
equal intervals
The emf induced in one winding is identical
to that induced in the other, but it is out of
phase by 120°
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Electricity is generated at 11KV, 22KV, and
33KV( in Malawi its is at 11KV)
This generated voltage is stepped up by large
transformers to 66KV or 132KV
Higher voltages are preferred during
transmission because losses are reduced
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The Transmission voltages are subsequently
reduced to distribution voltages of 33KV and
11KV for primary and secondary distribution
systems respectively
The 11 KV is further reduced to 400V for non
domestic consumers or to 230V for domestic
consumers
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The substation can provide a number of
supply systems, namely
◦ 3 phase, 4 wire supply system
◦ 3 phase, 3 wire supply system
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Mainly used for domestic consumers
Consists of any one of the live wires and a
neutral wire
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Consists of 3 single phase circuits with a
common earthed conductor know as the
neutral.
The transformer secondary windings are
connected in star.
The star point is then earthed and connected
to the neutral
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All three phase supplies are connected to the
three live conductors.
Lighting, heating and other single phase
supplies are connected to one of the three
lines and the neutral.
This type of system is the usual type of
supply for commercial institutions and
industrial premises of medium size
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Used in large loads which do not present
problems in load balancing over the three
phases eg motors.
However, its main disadvantage is that no
single phase supplies can be taken from it.
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◦ If three phase windings are kept independent,
then six wires are needed to connect a supply
source (such as a generator) to a load (such as a
motor)
◦ To reduce the number of wires, these windings are
interconnected in two ways
Star connection
Delta connection
◦ Sources of three phased supplies are usually
connected in star where as 3phased transformer,
motor windings and other loads are connected in
either star or delta
Outlets from each load are joined together to
form neutral point (star point)
Voltages VR, VY and VB are called phase
voltages (VP), or line to neutral voltages.
Voltages VRY, VYB and VBR are called Line
voltages.
The end of one load is connected to the start
of the next load
Line Voltages VRY, VYB and VBR are the
respective phase voltages (VP).
P= I2R
In A.C. circuits, we will need to define R in
terms of Impedance (Z).
R= Z cos Ø
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