ANATOMI RAS Hafshah

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 DEFINITION
Broad region where white matter and gray matter
exhibit a netlike arrangement is known as the reticular formation
Fungsi masing-masing nukleus retikularis (Snell, 2015):
Nukleus retikularis gigantoselularis : regulasi retikulospinal
Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) : pusat lateral gaze
Nuklei raphe : pengaturan tidur, bangun dan waspada
Locus ceruleus : atensi, mood, dan siklus tidur-bangun
the numerous identified nuclei in the
brainstem
tegmentum simply as related structures
the rostral reticular formation
of the mesencephalon and upper pons
function together with diencephalic nuclei to
maintain an alert conscious state in the
forebrain
the caudal
reticular formation of the pons and medulla
works together with the cranial nerve
nuclei and the spinal cord to carry out a
variety of important motor, reflex, and
autonomic functions.
AFFERENT PROJECTIONS

spinal cord, there are the spinoreticular tracts,

the spinoihalamic tracts, and the medial lemniscus.
cranial nerve nuclei, there are ascending afferent tracts,
which include the vestibular, acoustic, and visual pathways.
From the cerebellum, there is the cerebelloreticular pathway. From the subthalamic,
hypothalamic, and thalamic nuclei and from the corpus striatum and the limbic system,
there are further afferent tracts. Other important afferent
fibers arise in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe
and from the somesthetic cortex of the parietal lobe.
THE CONSCIOUSNESS SYSTEM

Consciousness can be divided into the content of consciousness, and the level of
consciousness
AAA
Remember!
Alertness: brainstem, diencephalon
Attention : brainstem, fontoprontal association cortex
Awareness : higher order of sensory, motor, emotional
 SUBSCORTEX

(1) upper brainstem neurons containing norepinephrine, serotonin, and

dopamine
(2) upper brainstem neurons containing acetylcholine and pontomesencephalic
reticular formation neurons possibly containing glutamate
(3) posterior hypothalamic neurons containing histamine and orexin (4) basal
forebrain neurons containing acetylcholine,
(5) neurons in
the rostral thalamic intralaminar nuclei and other medial thalamic nuclei
 BRAINSTEM RETICULAR FORMATION AND THALAMUS
pontomesencephalic reticular formation
(or mesopontine reticula formation) projects to the
thalamic intralaminar nuclei particularly the rostral
intralaminar nuclei (central lateral, paracentral,
and central medial nuclei), have widespread projections
to the cerebral cortex, the adjacent midline thalamic nuclei
are thought to be important for maintaining
normal alertness.
Also to the hypothalamus and
basal forebrain .Widespread projections from
these regions,in turn, may also participate in the alerting functions of
the pontomesencephalic reticular formation.
ACETYLCHOLINE

Neurons of the brainstem cholinergic projection

system are found mainly in
the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei and
the laterodorsal tegmental nuclei.
DOPAMINE
Neurons containing dopamine are located mainly in
the ventral
midbrain: in the substantia nigra pars compacta
and the nearby ventral tegmental area
NOREPINEPHRINE
Neurons containing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) were
once thought to be located exclusively in the locus ceruleus, meaning “blue
spot,” located near the fourth ventricle in the rostral pon
SEROTONIN
Neurons containing serotonin are found in
the raphe nuclei of
the midbrain, pons, and medull
HISTAMINE
Histamine is found mainly in neurons of the
posterior hypothalamus in the tuberomammillary nucleus
SLEEP–WAKE CYCLE