LECTURE 5 BLOOD BANK

Blood Donors, Blood Collection

& Storage

Dr. Dalia Galal Hamouda

 DEFINITIONS
• Autologous
• derived from organisms of the self; same individual;
"autologous blood donation"

• Heterologous
• derived from organisms of a different but related
species; "a heterologous blood donation”
 DEFINITIONS
• Apheresis
• Greek work meaning “take out”
• The process of removal of whole blood from a donor or patient,
separating out specific portions, and returning the other portions to the
donor/patient
– Can be done for
» Harvesting specific components for transfusion (plasma, platelet, red
cells)
» Removal of specific pathologic substances
• Cytapheresis
• To harvest specific cellular components such as platelets, granulocytes or
red cells.
• Plasmapheresis
• To harvest plasma only and return back the cellular components to the
donor/patient
 I- TYPE OF BLOOD DONATION
Blood are collected in the blood bank and
there are three blood types:

1. WHOLE BLOOD DONATION

2. APHERESIS DONATION

3. AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD DONATION

 II- DONOR SECLECTION
• Two crucial factors for safe blood products
• Accurate donor screening or selection

• Accurate laboratory testing on each unit collected

• PRINCIPLES OF DONOR SELECTION

• Giving blood does not harm the donor (must be in a good
health)

• Donated blood loss is restored rapidly and completely

• The blood must not harm the recipient

 III- DONOR SCREENING (1,2,3)
1. Registration of the donor

Demographic date:
• Full name, address, Gender, Age (18-55 years)

• Date of last donation if any

» Whole blood should be 3 months
» Apheresis 2 weeks
» Autologous depends on the requirement

• Weight
» Should be >45 Kgs
 2. Medical history
• Medical history should be taken by trained health care professional
Who CANNOT donate?
Life long 1 year 6 Months
х Abnormal bleeding disorder o Surgery o Tattooing or body
х Heart, Kidney, Liver piercing
Disorder o Typhoid
х Thyroid disorder o Dental extraction
o Dog bite
х Mental disorders o Root canal
х Tuberculosis o Unexplained treatment

х Asthma weight loss

o Malaria
х Cancer o Continuous low
х Insulin dependent diabetics grade fever o Vaccination
х Uncontrolled High blood
pressure (BP)
Female donors cannot donate blood……

• During pregnancy
• After delivery for one year
• When lactating
• During menstrual period and for 7 days thereafter

Male donors cannot donate blood……

• If consumed Alcohol in the previous 24 hours

 3. Physical examination
 Determination of hemoglobin
 Males Hb: >12.5 g/dl
 Females Hb: >12.0 g/dl

 Pulse (50-100 beats/min)

 Blood pressure (Maximum 140/90 mm Hg)

 Temperature (Maximum 37.5 0C)

 Donor weight
1. Minimum 45 Kgs
2. Amount of blood to be drawn:
(Donor wt. in Kg÷50) X 450
IV- Venipuncture

» Selection of the arm

and vein
»Skin preparation,
scrubbing of the area
»Local anesthesia
»Venipuncture
»Samples for the
screening tests
»End of procedure
V- POST DONATION INSTRUCTIONS
• After donation, please rest in the donation chair for 10
minutes before getting up

• Eat and drink something before leaving and during the

next 4 hours

• If there is bleeding from the site where the needle was

placed raise your arm and apply pressure

• If you feel dizzy or faint, lie down or sit down, placing your
head lower than your knees

• If either bleeding or faintness persists, return to blood

bank
 VI- Screening tests for the blood donated
Testing at Blood Bank for Transfusion Transmissible Infections
(TTIs)
Blood collected is screened using highest quality screening
tests for 5 TTIs

• HIV
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• VDRL (syphilis)
• Malaria
 VII- Blood Products / Components
& their uses
Blood collected is screened for TTIs (infections) & SAFE blood,
is separated into components & stored for issue to patients.

• Used of Whole blood

– For Exchange Transfusion in Babies
– Accident Victims
– Complicated Delivery cases
– Some specific surgeries

• Uses of Blood Components

– Red Cells (for anemia)
– Fresh Frozen Plasma (for clotting disorders, burns)
– Platelets/Platelet rich plasma (for cancer)
– Cryoprecipitate (for clotting disorders)
– Cryosupernatant (for burns)
 VIII- Screening test for donors blood
prior to transfusion

• Infection screening
• VDRL (syphilis)
• HbsAg
• Anti HIV
• Anti HCV
• Malarial parasite
• Grouping and reverse grouping
• Cross matching
 IX- Storage of blood

• Series of changes occur in vitro that alters the

physiological properties to ensure that blood
retains its in vivo environment
• These physiological changes involve:
• Anticoagulants
• Preservative
• Characteristics of plastic bag
• Storage temperature
• Shipping and transport conditions
 Anticoagulation and preservatives for
blood products
• To ensure the viability and stability of the products

• To inhibit growth of microorganisms

• To prevent clotting of the product

• Examples for anticoagulants and preservation: Citrate,

Citrate-dextrose and Acid-citrate-dextrose
 Storage changes in blood

• In vivo, red cells are carried and protected by the

plasma, which helps
• Regulated temperature
• Controlled pH
• Adequate glucose supply
• Removal of metabolic waste
– In protected environment life span is 110-120 days
– Lowering of temperature and preservatives help in
reducing the changes but changes do occur and known
as “storage lesion”
 Appropriate storage temperatures
• WBC and packed RBC 1 to 60C

• Plasma ≤ -180C

• Platelets 20 to 240C
Benefits to Donor of blood donation
Health benefits:
Regular donation (2-3 times a year….)
– Lowers cholesterol
– Lowers lipid levels
– Decreases incidence of heart attacks, strokes
Donor is also eligible to receive one FREE unit of blood if
needed for
– Self
– Spouse/ Child/ Parents, and
– Even friends