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TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
Fiber splice
1 1
2 2
3 3
Optical fiber
Coding Laser diode Photodiode
+ decoder
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
Requirements for a Fiber-Optic Source
1. Size and configuration compatible with optical fiber for launching light.
Light output should be highly directional.
2. Must accurately track the electrical input signal to minimize distortion and
noise Source should be linear.
3. Should emit light at wavelengths where the fiber has low losses and low
dispersion and where the detectors are efficient.
4. Preferably capable of simple signal modulation over a wide bandwidth
extending from audio frequencies to beyond the GHz range.
5. Must couple sufficient optical power to overcome attenuation in the fiber
plus connector losses and leave adequate power to drive the detector.
6. Should have a very narrow spectral bandwidth in order to minimize
dispersion in the fiber.
7. Capable of maintaining a stable optical output which is largely unaffected
by changes in ambient conditions (e.g. temperature).
8. Essential that the source is comparatively cheap and highly reliable in
order to compete
Requirements for Optical Detector
LED LASER
Incoherent Coherent
For multimode fibers only For multi and single mode fibers
LASER
Photons
A + h A*
Rate of absorption;
Rabs = B12 () N1
N1 - population at lower level E1,
() - energy density of incident light and
A* A + h
A* + h = A + 2h
Stimulated Emission
Conditions for Large Stimulated Emissions
All three processes occur together with a balance between
absorption and emission.
PUMPING METHODS
• Optical Pumping (Solids, Transparent)
• Electrical Pumping (Gases, Conductive)
• Direct Conversion (Semiconductor materials)
Energy level diagrams showing population inversion and lasing for two
non-semiconductor lasers: (a) Three level system - Ruby (crystal) laser; (b)
Four level system – He-Ne (gas) laser.
Optical Feedback and Laser Oscillations
Although PI is necessary for light amplification, Not sufficient to make
the stimulated emissions dominate other processes.
2L = m ; ( m = 1,2,3,…)
For laser action the gain must be greater than the total loss in the cavity.
Gain Curve or Saturation Gain
The optical gain is not always increasing; it depends upon the
rate of stimulation emission.
The gain settles down at a value where the rate of production
of the excess inverted population is balanced by the rate of
decrease through stimulated emission. It happens when the
gain just balances the losses in the medium.
The reduction in the population inversion
and consequent self-adjustment of gain
caused by the presence of light field is
called gain saturation.
c
2L
As is independent of m, the
frequency separation of adjacent
mode is the same irrespective of
their actual frequencies. a) Modes in the laser cavity.
(b) Longitudinal modes in the laser output.
Longitudinal and Transverse Modes
Modes are discrete resonant conditions determined by the physical
dimensions of cavity.
Major Components:
Active medium
Pumping Source
Mirrors
Types of Lasers
• Solid State Laser (used in atmospheric and free space
links)
hc
E g hf
1.24
(in m) The p-n junction with forward bias giving
E g (ineV) spontaneous emission of photons.
This spontaneous emission of light from within the diode structure is known as
Electroluminescence – Optical emission under application of electric field
Carrier Recombination
Light is emitted at site of carrier recombination which is
primarily close to the junction.
• The amount of radiative recombination and the emission area within the
structure is dependent upon the semiconductor materials used and the
fabrication of the device.
Direct and Indirect Band Gap Materials
Incident photon of energy Eg < Eq= EFc-Efv (Quasi Fermi levels gap energy)
cannot be absorbed; necessary CB states are filled, however, these can induce a
downward transition of an electron from filled CB state into empty VB states i.e
stimulating emission of another photon.
Basic condition for stimulated emission is therefore, dependent on the
Quasi-Fermi level separation energy (Eq) as well as bandgap energy (Eg)