PROPERTIES OF DENTAL

MATERIALS (PART 8)

DR.MUHAMMAD ZAKIR
B.D.S, MSC DENTAL MATERIALS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
FATIMA JINNAH DENTAL COLLEG
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTAL
MATERIALS

TERMS WHICH ARE IMPORTANT AND SHOULD

BE UNDERSTOOD AND LEARNED:

 Stress
 Strain
 Modulus of elasticity
 Proportional limit
 Yield strength
 Ultimate strength
 Elastic limit
 Plastic change
 Percent elongation
 Resilience
 Flexibility
 toughness
 Brittleness
 Impact strength
 Flexural strength
 Hardness
 Fatigue failure
 Ductility
 malleability
 Poisson’s ratio
 Crack propagation (fracture toughness)
 STRESS

 When an external force is applied to a body, a

reactionary force equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction is developed in the body.

 Force per unit area is known as stress

Stress = F/A
 STRAIN

 When an applied force causes deformation is called

as strain.

 Change in length per unit length

Strain = change in L/ original L

 STRENGTH

 The maximum stress a material can withstand

without undergoing change in dimension or fracture.

 Ability to resist stress or fracture

 PROPORTIONAL LIMIT

 Maximum stress at which stress is proportional to

strain and above which plastic deformation occurs.

 This is a reversible change

 YIELD STRENGTH

 A point above the proportional limit on the stress

strain curve at which the material can come back
into it’s original position but with 2 % permanent
deformation due to the applied stress.
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH

 If stress is raised above the yield strength, the point

at which the material cannot resist the force and
undergoes fracture is known as ultimate strength.
 ELASTIC LIMIT

 It is the maximum
amount of stress that
a structure can
withstand and still
return to its pre-
stressed dimensions
 ELASTIC BEHAVIOR

 PLASTIC BEHAVIOR
 PERCENT ELONGATION

 Maximum amount of plastic strain a specimen can

sustain before it fractures
 RESILIENCE

 The energy absorbed by a material in undergoing

elastic deformation up to the elastic limit
 Or energy absorbed by a material until its elastic
limit.
 It is the energy which helps the material to come
back into it’s original shape.
 FLEXIBILITY

 When relatively low energy is required to bring a big

elastic change in the material with elastic recovery,
this is known as the flexibility of that material
 TOUGHNESS

 Total energy absorbed by a material

up to the point of fracture
 Energy required to overcome
ultimate strength.
 BRITTLENESS

 A material which fractures immediately after its

proportional limit is crossed is known as a brittle
material

 Their ultimate strength is equal to their proportional

limit

 Eg: glass
 IMPACT STRENGTH

 Some materials which resist fractures on an impact

this is the impact strength of that material.
 Some materials can withstand large forces when
applied gradually but fracture on sudden impact.
They are said to have a low impact strength.
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

 The ability of a material to withstand vertical forces

on its centre when it is supported at two ends. This is
known as the flexural strength of the material
 HARDNESS

 Resistance to penetration when indented by a hard

substance.

 Hardness is related to toughness, proportional limit

and ductility
 FATIGUE FAILURE

 If a material is subjected to cyclic forces even below

it’s ultimate strength the material may fracture.

 This is known as fatigue failure

 Material should have a good fatigue strength

 Total no of cycles of force application a material can
withstand without undergoing fracture.
 DUCTILITY

 The ability of a metal

to plastically deform
without breaking or
fracturing.

 The ability of a
material to be bent or
stretched without
undergoing fracture
 MALLEABILITY

 The ability of a material to be hammered or pressed

to thin sheets without undergoing fracture
 POISSON’S RATIO

 When stress is applied to a material and it undergoes

change in two different directions

 Like when perpendicular force is applied to a

material it will increase in length but will become
thin.

 This is known as Poisson's ratio

 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS

 Crack propagation