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Truly self-actualized
people are hard to find.
Self-Actualization
Characteristics of self-actualized people include
Accepting themselves, others, and the nature of world for
what they are
Having a need for privacy and only a few close,
emotional relationships
Being autonomous and
independent, democratic,
and very creative
Having peak experiences,
which are experiences of deep
insight in which you experience
whatever you are doing as fully as possible
Criticisms of the Humanist Theories
Naïve
Assumptions—humanists are unrealistic,
romantic, and naïve about human nature
Poortestability and inadequate evidence—
unconditional positive regard and self-actualization
are difficult to operationalize and test
Narrowness—humanistic theories merely describe,
rather than explain personality
A Note to Consider about Humanism
What is a TRAIT?
A trait is a characteristic pattern of behavior or a
disposition to feel and act
Everyone has a combination of traits
Allport vs. Freud
Temperaments do
seem to be stable
from infants to old
age.
Personality Assessment
Personality
Inventories
Projective
Tests
Personality Inventories
Are designed to measure multiple traits of personality, and
in some cases, disorders (psycopathology)
Area series of questions or statements for which the test taker
must indicate whether they apply to them or not
Connects to
Depression: people
feel they are falling
short of their hopes
Anxiety:people feel
they are falling
short of what they
ought to be
Effect of Low Self-Esteem:
Individualism: giving
priority to one’s own
goals over group
goals, and defining
one’s identity in terms
of personal attributes
rather than group
identifications.
Collectivism: giving
priority to the goals
of one’s group
(often one’s
extended family or
work groups) and
defining one’s
identity accordingly.
Value Contrasts Between
Individualism and Collectivism
Concept Individualism Collectivism
Self Independent Interdependent
(identity from (identity from
individual traits) belonging)
Life task Discover & express Maintain connections,
uniqueness fit in
What matters Me – personal Us – group goals and
achievement and solidarity; social
fulfillment; rights and responsibilities and
liberties; self-esteem relationships
Coping method Change reality Accommodate to
reality