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11/30/2018 PE 311 1
Introduction to Mass Transfer Operations
The transport or migration of one constituent from a
region of higher concentration to that of a lower
concentration is known as mass transfer.
Mass transfer operations depend on molecules
diffusing from one distinct phase to another and are
based upon differences in the physicochemical
properties of the molecules, such as vapour pressure
or solubility.
For interphase mass transfer, there is a concentration
gradient between bulk and interface, however under
steady state, at interface equilibrium is assumed.
11/30/2018 PE 311 2
Introduction to Mass Transfer Operations
A group of operations for separating the components
of mixtures is based on the transfer of material from
one homogeneous phase to another.
These methods is covered by the term mass transfer
operations which include techniques like:
gas absorption and stripping,
liquid-liquid extraction and leaching,
distillation,
Humidification,
drying and crystallization
11/30/2018
PE 311 3
Concentrations & Flux
The concentration of particular species is expressed in
variety of ways. In mass transfer operation, the
concentration gradient is the driving force when other
driving forces (temperature, pressure gradients, etc.)
are kept constant.
The actual driving force for mass transfer to occur is to
create gradient of chemical potential (between two
points) which is a function of all external forces.
11/30/2018 PE 311 4
Concentrations & Flux
The concentration gradients are generally
expressed in terms of:
mass concentration of component,
molar concentration of component
mass or mole fraction of species.
11/30/2018 PE 311 5
Mass Concentration
Amount of a particular species in a mixture is
defined by the mass of that species per unit
volume, i.e. partial density.
Wi mass of species i in the mixture
i ...........(1)
V Volume of mixture
The mass density of the mixture itself, , is the
total mass of all species per unit volume;
therefore,
1 W1 W2 Wn
Wi ... i ............(2)
V i V V V
PE 300 - Lecture Series 6
Mass Fraction
The relative amount of species i in the mixture
may be described by the mass of i per unit mass
of the mixture,
mass of species i Wi i V i
mi ............(3)
mass of mixture Wtot V
And ci
i xi i c 1 0 xi 1.................(8)
1 1
M .........(10)
c c
i
i
i i 1
i M i M
mi
M i i i i
And mi M mi M i
xi ...........(13)
Mi xk / M k
k
ci pi pi
And xi .........(20)
c c Ro T p
11/30/2018 PE 311 14
Fluxes
The units of molar and mass fluxes are moles/m2.s
and mass/m2.s. Sometimes it is convenient to
interpret the total flux of species i with respect to an
arbitrary reference frame rather than a fixed set of
reference frame.
The molar flux of species i based on arbitrary
reference velocity Uo is defined as:
Similarly mass flux of species based on arbitrary
reference velocity Uo is denoted by:
11/30/2018 PE 311 15
Example - 1
The most important mixture that we deal with
is air. Its mass composition is: N2 = 0.7556, 02 =
0.2315, Ar = 0.01289, trace gases < 0.01.
Determine xO2, pO2, cO2 and O2 for air at 1 atm.
11/30/2018 PE 311 16
Mass Transfer Classification
Mass Transfer
11/30/2018 PE 311 17
Molecular Diffusion
Molecular diffusion or molecular transport can be
defined as the transfer or movement of individual
molecules through a fluid by means of the random
individual movements of the molecules.
The diffusion of molecules when the whole bulk fluid
is not moving but stationary; the diffusion of
molecules is due to a concentration gradient
11/30/2018 PE 311 18
Molecular Diffusion Process
11/30/2018 PE 311 19
Fick’s Law of Diffusion
Fick's First Law of Diffusion states that the net
flux of a molecular/mass species A or B is
proportiona1 to the negative gradient of the
concentration of that species, expressed as:
dx A
J A * C DAB x A C DAB ...........(28)
dx
dm A
or j A * DAB m A DAB ...........(29)
dx
For ideal gas
p 1 dp A
J A* DAB x A DAB ...........(30)
R T R T dx
PE 300 - Lecture Series 20
Fick’s Law of Diffusion
By comparing the transport laws in
concentration form one sees quantitatively the
molecular-transport analogy
Momentum
du du d u d u
........(31)
dx dx dx dx
Nm d u kg m 1 kg
3 v 3 v 3
m dx m s m m s
Nm m3 s m m m3 s m 2
v 3 kg 2 3
m kg s m kg s
PE 300 - Lecture Series 21
Fick’s Law of Diffusion
Heat
Q cp d c p T d c p T
q
dT
dT ......(32)
A dx dx c cp dx dx
p
Q W d c p T kg J K J
q 2 3 4
A m dx m kg K m m
W m4 J 1 m4 m2
2
m J s m2 J s
dC A
J A DAB ..........(33)
dx
Mass kg dC A kg 1
J A 2 DAB DAB 3
m s dx m m
kg m
4
m2
DAB 2
m s kg s
PE 300 - Lecture Series 22
Fick’s Law of Diffusion
GASES LIQUIDS
Kinematic viscosity, [m2/s]
-5
1 to 5 x 10 0.1 to 2 x 10-5
Thermal Diffusivity, c p [m2/s] 1.5 to 7 x 10- 0.1 to 2 x 10-7
5
Dimensionless Quantities
Kinematic Vis cos ity c p 0.7 to 1.0 1.0 to 10
Pr andtl number
Thermal Diffusivity
Kinematic Vis cos ity 1.0 to 10 10 to 104
Schmidt number
Mass Diffusivity D
Thermal Diffusivity Schmidt Number 1.0 to 10 102 to 104
Lewis number
Mass Diffusivity Pr andtl Number D
N A k c (c L1 c Li )
kc - mass transfer coefficient (m/s)
cL1 - bulk fluid conc.
cLi - conc of fluid near the solid surface
Kc depend on:
1. system geometry
2. Fluid properties
3. Flow velocity
Equimolar Counter Diffusion
Consider two gases A and B at constant total pressure
P in two large chamber connected by a tube.
11/30/2018 PE 311 26
Example 3
Ammonia gas (A) is diffusing through a uniform
tube 0.10 m long containing N2 gas (B) at 1.0132 x
105 Pa pressure and 298 K. The diagram is similar to
Fig. 6.2-1. At point 1, pA1 = 1.013 x 104 Pa and at point
2, pA2 = 0.507 x 104 Pa. The diffusivity DAB = 0.230 x
10-4 m2/s.
(a) Calculate the flux J*A at steady state
(b) Repeat for J*B
GENERAL CASE FOR DIFFUSION OF GASES A AND
B PLUS CONVECTION
Up to now we have considered Fick's Law of diffusion
in a stationary fluid
There has been no net movement or convective flow of
the entire phase of binary mixture A and B
The diffusion flux occurred because of the
concentration gradient
This flux can be converted to a velocity of diffusion of
A
GENERAL CASE FOR DIFFUSION OF GASES
A AND B PLUS CONVECTION
11/30/2018 PE 311 29
For equimolar counterdiffussion, NA=-NB ,
then NA=J*A=-NB=-J*B
Example 4
Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tube is held at a
constant temperature of 293 K. The total pressure of air
(assumed dry) is 1.01325 x 105 Pa (1.0 atm) and the
temperature is 293 K (20 °C). Water evaporates and
diffuses through the air in the tube, and the diffusion
path z2-z1 is 0.1524 m (0.5 ft) long. The diagram is
similar to Fig. 6.2-2a. Calculate the rate of evaporation
at steady state in lb mol/h.ft2 and kg mol/s.m2. The
diffusivity of water vapor at 293 K and 1 am pressure is
0.250 x 10-4 m2/s. Assume that the system is
isothermal. Use SI and English units.
Example 5
A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2.0
mm is suspended in a large volume of still air at
318 K and 1.101325 x 105 Pa (1 atm). The
diffusivity of the naphthalene at 318 K is 6.92 x
10-6 m2/s.
Calculate the rate of evaporation of
naphthalene from the surface.
DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS FOR GASES
Experimental determination of diffusion
coefficients
One method is to evaporate a pure liquid in a
narrow tube with a gas passing over the top
The fall in liquid level is measured with time and
diffusivity calculated
• Experimental diffusivity data
The values range from about
PREDICTION OF DIFFUSIVITY FOR GASES
First prediction using kinetic theory of gases
It is assumed that there are no attractive or
repulsive force between molecules
The derivation uses mean free path, which is the
average distance that a molecules has travelled
between collisions
11/30/2018 PE 311 50
Diffusion in Solids
Transport in solids can be broadly classified into:
Diffusion that follow Fick’s Law ( structure of the solid is not
important)
Diffusion in porous solids (actual structure and void
channels are important)
11/30/2018 PE 311 51
STEADY MASS DIFFUSION THROUGH A WALL
Many practical mass transfer problems involve the diffusion of a species through a
plane-parallel medium that does not involve any homogeneous chemical reactions under
one-dimensional steady conditions.
diffusion resistance of
the wall
52
The rate of mass diffusion through a plane wall is
proportional to the average density, the wall area, and the
concentration difference across the wall, but is inversely
proportional to the wall thickness.
53
Steady one-dimensional mass transfer
through nonreacting cylindrical and
spherical layers
On a molar basis
54
Noting that 1 kmol of an ideal gas at the
standard conditions of 0°C and 1 atm
occupies a volume of 22.414 m3, the
volume flow rate of the gas through the
wall by diffusion can be determined
from
55
Example 9
11/30/2018 PE 311 56
H/W 2
Discuss the analogy between heat, mass and
momentum transfer
11/30/2018 PE 311 57