Lab # 3

Study of characteristics of over

and under voltage Relay
Over Voltage Relay
Causes of Over Voltage in Power
System
 Over voltages are caused on power systems due
to external and internal factors
 The voltage Stress caused by over voltage can
damage the lines and equipment’s connected to
the system
 Over voltages arising on a system can be
classified into two main categories as
External over Voltages
 This type of over voltages originates from
disturbances, mainly due to lightning
 This takes the form of a surge and has no direct
relationship with the operating voltage of the line
 It may be due to any of the following causes
 Direct lightning stroke
 Electromagnetically induced over voltages due to
lightning discharge taking place near the line
called side stroke
External over Voltages
 Voltages induced due to atmospheric charges
along the length of line
 Electrostatically induced voltages due to
presence of charged clouds nearby
 Electrostatically induced over voltages due to the
frictional effects of small particles like dust or
dry snow in the atmosphere or due to charge in
altitude of the line.
Internal over Voltages
 These over voltages are caused by changes in the
operating conditions of the power system. These
can be divided into two groups as below
 Switching over voltages or transient over
operation voltages of high frequency
 This is caused when switching operation is
carried out under normal conditions or when
fault occurs in the network.
Internal over Voltages
 When an unloaded long line charged, due to
Ferranti effect the receiving end voltage is
increased resulting in over voltage in the system
 Similarly, when the primary side of the
transformer or reactor is switched on, over
voltage of transient nature occurs
 Temporary over voltages
 These are caused when some major load gets
disconnected from the long line under normal or
steady state condition
Effects of over voltages on power
system
 Over voltage tends to stress the insulation of the
electrical equipment’s and likely to cause
damage to them when it frequently occurs.
 Over voltage caused by surges can result in spark
over and flash over between phase and ground at
the weakest point in the network, breakdown of
gaseous/solid/ liquid insulation, failure of
transformers and rotating machines.
Principle of Relay
 Over voltage relay has two stages for
overvoltage protection, namely the low set over-
voltage element and high-set overvoltage
element.
 When the voltage values rise above set low-set
overvoltage value, the low-set overvoltage
element will start and deliver a start signal to the
contact output (if assigned) and the front panel
START indicator.
Principle of Relay
 After a pre-set delay time, determined by the
user's selection between definite time and inverse
time characteristics, the over-voltage element
delivers a trip signal to the output contact.
Principle of Relay
Inverse time delay characteristics
 The inverse characteristics for overvoltage is
defined by following equation
𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝑡=
𝑉
−1
𝑉𝑠
Where
 t= Operating time in seconds
 TMS= Time Multiplier Settings
 V= Applied input Voltage
 𝑉𝑠 = Relay setting Voltage
Inverse time delay characteristics

 This equation is only valid when 𝑉 > 𝑉𝑠

Setting of the Relay
 From 110% to 150% of nominal voltage for
rotating machine
Under Voltage Relay
Causes
 Load switched on and power factor correction
capacitors switched off
 Poor system voltage regulation
 Local and remote faults that happen in
transmission and distribution especially faults in
parallel feeders and customers installation
 Connection of heavy loads starts up of large
motors
Effects
 Malfunction of information technology equipment’s
which called microprocessor based control systems
(PLC, ASD, PCs…etc.) that may lead to process
stoppage.
 Tripping of contactors and electromagnetic relays
 Disconnection and less efficiency in rotating machines
 Prevent the motors from reaching rated speed on starting
 Make the machines draws heavy currents
Principle of Relay
 When the voltage values fall the set low-set under
voltage value, the low set under voltage element will
start and deliver a start signal to the output contact.
 After a pre-set delay time, determined by the user’s
selection between definite time and inverse time
characteristic, the under voltage element delivers a trip
signal to the contact output.
 When the relay is first powered on without any input
voltages connected to VTs, the under voltage elements
are temporary disabled.
Principle of Relay
Inverse time delay characteristics
 The inverse characteristics for overvoltage is
defined by following equation
𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝑡=
𝑉
1−
𝑉𝑠
Where
 t= Operating time in seconds
 TMS= Time Multiplier Settings
 V= Applied input Voltage
 𝑉𝑠 = Relay setting Voltage
Inverse time delay characteristics

 This equation is only valid when 𝑉 < 𝑉𝑠

Setting of the Relay
 From 50% to 90% from nominal voltage of
rotating machine
Siemens: 7SR158 Argus