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PHY150

CHAPTER 6
MAGNETISM

Mazlini Binti Mazlan


Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Cawangan Perak Kampus Tapah
mazlini4290@perak.uitm.edu.my
0164185793 1
Contents:

 Magnets and Magnetic Fields


 Magnetic Force
 Magnetic Field due to Current
 Magnetic Torque
 Ampere’s Law
 Solenoid and Toroid

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Magnets
 A bar magnet is a source magnetic field.

 Can be proved by moving a compass near the magnet.

 Compass needle will line up along the direction of the


magnetic field produced by the magnet.

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 Magnets have two ends – poles called north and south

 Like poles repel ; unlike poles attract

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 However, if you cut a magnet in half, you don’t get a
north pole and a south pole – you get two smaller
magnets.

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Earth’s magnetic field
The Earth’s magnetic field is similar to that of a bar magnet.

Note that the Earth’s “North


Pole” is really a south
magnetic pole, as the north
ends of magnets are attracted
to it.

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Magnetic fields, B
 A stationary charged particle doesn’t interact with a static
magnetic field.

 When a charged particle is moving through a magnetic


field, a magnetic force acts on it.

v B charged particle is
θ
moving at an angle
q
through a magnetic
field.

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 To define the magnetic field at a point, a particle of
charge, q and moving velocity, v. Experimentally we have
the following observation:
- The magnitude of the magnetic force FB exerted on the
charged is proportional to both v and q.
- The magnitude and direction of Fb depends on v and B.
- The magnitude force, FB vanished when v is parallel to B.
However, when v makes an angle θ with B, the direction of
FB is perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B, and
the magnitude of FB is proportional of sin θ.
- When the sign of the charge of the particle is switched
from positive to negative (or vice versa), the direction of
the magnetic force also reverses.

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 The above observation can be summarized with the
following equation:

-The magnitude of the magnetic force,

FB  qvBsin 
 This expression is used to define the magnitude of the
magnetic field as

FB
B
qv sin 

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- Where F is in Newton's, q in coulombs, and v in
meters per second.
- SI unit of magnetic field is the tesla (T) or weber
per square meter (Wb/m2) or (N/(C.m/s)) or
N/A.m.
 Force is vector, that means it have a magnitude and
direction.
 To determine the direction of the force, the right hand
rule can be used.

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Exercise 6.1
1. Refer to the Figure
i. Find the direction of
the force on a proton
(a positively charged
particle) moving
through the magnetic
fields
ii. Repeat part (a),
assuming the moving
particle is an
electron. (Serway)

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2. Determine the initial direction of the charged particles as
they enter the magnetic fields shown in Figure beside.
(Serway)

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3. A proton travels with a speed of 3.0 × 106 m/s at an
angle of 37° with the direction of a magnetic field of
0.30 T in the +y direction. What are
a. the magnitude of the magnetic force on the proton
(Ans: 8.7 x 10-14 N)
b. the proton’s acceleration?
(Ans: 5.2 x 1013 m/s2) (Serway)

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Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire
 A current-carrying wire will also experience a magnetic
force.
 Consider a long straight wire suspended in the region
between the two magnetic poles.
 Magnetic field points out the page ( )

• When a downward current


passes through, the wire
is deflected to the left.
• When current is upward,
the deflection is rightward

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 To calculate the force exerted on the wire, ℓ consider a
segment of wire of length and cross-sectional area, A, as
shown in Fig below. The magnetic field, B points into the
page, and it represented with crosses (x).

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 The magnitude of the total magnetic force on the wire of
length l is as follows:
Total force = force on each charge carrier x
total number of carriers
Fmax  (qvd B)(nAl )

 The current in the wire is given by I  nqv d A so

Fmax  IlB

 The magnitude force on the wire at some an angle is

F  IlB sin 
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 The force depends on the angle, θ between the current
direction and the magnetic field as in the fig below.
(used right hand rule)

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Example 1
1. A wire carrying a 30 A current has a length ℓ = 12 cm
between the pole faces of a magnet at an angle θ = 60o
(Fig on slide 17). The magnetic field is approximately
uniform at 0.90 T. Ignore the field beyond the pole
pieces. What is the magnitude of the force on the wire?
(Giancoli)

Solution
From the equation,
F  IlB sin 
 (30 A)(0.12 m)(0.90 T )(0.866)  2.8 N
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2. A long, straight wire carries a 6.0 A current that is
directed in the positive x direction. When a uniform
magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a 3.0 m
segment of the wire, the magnetic force on the
segments is 0.36 N, directed in the negative y
direction, as show. What are the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field?

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Solution
 From the equations, F  IlB sin  , to determine magnitude
field is
F
B
Il sin 

 Since θ = 90o then sin θ =1


F
B 
Il
0.36 N
  0.02 T
(6.0 A)(3.0 m)

 Direction of the B is out of the face (or paper)


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Exercise 6.2
1. A wire carries a current of 10 A in a direction that
makes an angle of 30 ͦ with the direction of a magnetic
field of strength 0.30 T. Find the magnetic force on a
5.0 m length of the wire
(Ans: 7.50 N) (Serway).

2. Straight power line carries 30 A and is perpendicular to


the Earth’s magnetic field of 0.50 x 10-4 T. What
magnitude force is exerted on 100 m of this power
line?
(Ans: 0.15 N) (Giancoli)

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3. Find the force per unit length on each segment PQ, QR,
RS and ST on the wire in Figure below. If the magnetic
field is 20.0 T and the current in the wire is 5.0 A.
(past year:APR2006/phy131)

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4. A conductor suspended by two flexible wires as shown
in Figure below has a mass per unit length of 0.0400
kg/m.
a. What current must exist in the conductor for the
tension in the supporting wires to be zero when
the magnetic field is 3.60 T into the page?
b. What is the required direction for the current?
(Ans: 0.109 A, to the right).

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Torque on a current loop and electric
motors
Torque on a current loop
 We want to look torque is exerted on a current loop placed
in a magnetic field.
 Consider a rectangular loop carrying current, I in the
presence of an external uniform magnetic field in the plane
of the loop, as shown Fig below.
I
B

a 24
 Force at sides of length a = 0 because wires parallel to
field.
 However at sides of length b the magnitude of the force
is equal to

F1  F2  BIb

 Direction F1, the force on the left side of the loop – out of
page.
 Direction F2, the force on the right side of the loop – into
the page.

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 View the loop from the side, as figure below
F1
F1 a/2
O a/2
θ B
a/2 sin θ
B F2
B
F2
 Assume the loop is pivoted so that it can rotate about
point O.
 Two force produce a torque about O - rotates loop
clockwise.

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 The magnitude of this torque,  max is

a a a a
 max  F1  F2  ( BIb )  ( BIb )  BIab
2 2 2 2

 Where the moment arm about O is a/2 for both force.


Because the area, A = ab, the torque can be expressed
as

 max  BIA
 This formula is valid only magnetic field is parallel to plane
of the loop.

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 If the field make an angle with a line perpendicular to the
plane of the loop. The magnitude of the torque is

 max  BIA sin 

 The torque on a coil with turns is


 max  BIAN sin 

 μ = IAN is define the magnitude of a vector μ called the


magnetic moment of the coil.

 The magnetic torque can be written,

 max  B sin 
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Example 2
1. A circular coil of wire has a diameter of 20.0 cm and
contains 10 loops. The current in each loop is 3.00 A,
and the coil is placed in 2.0 T external magnetic field.
Determine the maximum and minimum torque exerted
on the coil by the field.

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Solution
The area of one loop of the coil is
A  r 2   (0.100 m) 2  3.14  10 2 m 2

The maximum torque occurs when the coil’s face is


parallel to the magnetic field, so θ = 90o and sin 90 = 1.
  NIAB sin 
 (10)(3.00 A)(3.14  10 2 m 2 )(2.00 T )(1)
 1.88 N.m

The minimum torque occurs if sin θ = 0, for which θ =0,


and the  = 0

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2. A rectangular loop has sides of length 0.06 m and 0.08
m. The wire carries a current of 10 A in the direction
shown. The loop is in a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 0.2 T and directed in the positive x direction.
What is the magnitude of the torque exerted on the loop
by the magnetic field.
(Cutnell)

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Solution
Note that the angle between the field and the
perpendicular to the plane of the loop is
θ = 90o- 30o = 60o.
Then, the magnitude of the torque is

  NIAB sin 

 (1)(10 A)(0.06 m  0.08 m)(0.2 T ) sin 60

 8.314  10 3 N.m

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Exercise 6.3
1. A circular wire loop of radius 1.00 m is placed in a
magnetic field of magnitude 0.500 T. The normal to the
plane of the loop makes an angle of 30.0o with the
magnetic field. The current in the loop is 2.00 A in the
direction shown.
a. Find the magnetic moment of the loop and the
magnitude of the torque at this instant
z
B
μ 30o

y
x
I 33
2. A rectangular loop consists of 100 closely wrapped turns
and has dimensions 0.40 m by 0.30 m. The loop is
hinged along the y axis, and the plane of the coil makes
an angle of 30.0° with the x axis (Fig below). What is the
magnitude of the torque exerted on the loop by a uniform
magnetic field of 0.80 T directed along the x axis, when
the current in the windings has a value of 1.2 A in the
direction shown?
(Ans:9.98 N.m)

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3. An 8-turn coil encloses an elliptical area having a major
axis of 40.0 cm and a minor axis of 30.0 cm (Fig. below).
The coil lies in the plane of the page and has a 6.00-A
current flowing clockwise around it. If the coil is in a
uniform magnetic field of 2.00 × 10–4 T, directed toward
the left of the page, what is the magnitude of the torque
on the coil?
(Hint: The area of an ellipse is A = πab, where a and b are the semi-major
and semi-minor axes of the ellipse.) (Ans:9.05 x 10-4 N.m)

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Electric Motor
 Electric motor change electric energy into mechanical
energy.

 Some application contains motor such as computer disk


drivers, CD players, DVD players, etc.

 A motor works on the principle that a torque is exerted


on a coil of current-carrying wire suspended in the
magnetic field of a magnet.

 The coil is mounted on a large cylinder called rotor or


armature, so that it can rotate continuously in on
direction.
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 Read more about electric motor in text book (Giancoli or
Serway).
 Figure below shown diagram of a simple dc motor.

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Motion of a charged particle in a magnetic
field

 Consider positive charge particle moving in a uniform


magnetic field.
 By using right hand rule, the magnetic force is always
toward the center of the circular path.
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 Because force produces the centripetal acceleration, we
can equate its magnitude, qvB in this case, to the mass
of the particle multiplied by the centripetal acceleration
v2/ r.
mv 2
F  qvB 
r

mv
r
qB

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Exercise 6.4
1. A charged particle enters the magnetic field of a mass
spectrometer at a speed of 1.79 x 106 m/s. It
subsequently moves in a circular orbit with a radius of
16.0 cm in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0,350
T having a direction perpendicular to the particle’s
velocity. Find the particle’s mass to charge ratio.
(Ans: 3.13 x 10-8 kg/C) (Serway)

2. A particle with a +2.0 μC charge and a kinetic energy of


0.090 J is fired into a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 0.10 T. If the particle moves in a circular
path of radius 3.0 m, determine its mass.
(Ans: 2.0 x 10-12 kg) (serway)
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Magnetic field of a long straight wire

 Figures below show that an electric current produces a


magnetic field.

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 The magnetic field B due to a long straight wire at a point
near it is directly proportional to the current I in the wire
and inversely proportional to the distance r from the wire;

I
B
r
 The magnetic field due to the current I in a long straight
wire;
o I
B
2r

 The permeability of the free space, μo has a value,


 o  4  10 7 T .m /
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 The direction of the magnetic field lines can be
determined using the right hand corkscrew rule.

 The strength of the field can be increased by increasing


the current.

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Symbol representing currents and magnetic
field of the current
 Wire carrying current out of page (dot)

The direction magnetic


field of a coil

 Wire carrying current into page (cross)

The direction magnetic


field of a coil

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Example 3
1. What is the strength of the magnetic field a point 0.5 m
from a 50 m wire carrying a current of 5.0 A?

Solution
The strength of B at a point r from wire carrying current is,

o I
B I = 5.0 A
2r
(4  10 7 )(5 A)
B  2  10 6 T
2(0.5 m) 50 m
0.5 m
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2. A long straight wire carries a current of 5.00 A. At one
instant, a proton, 4.00 mm from the wire, travels at
1.50 x 103 m/s parallel to the wire and in the same
direction as the current (Figure below)
a. Find the magnitude and direction of the created
wire.
b. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
force the wire’s magnetic field exerts on the
proton. (Serway)

 v
I


F 
B

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Solution
(a)Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field 4.00 mm
from the wire.
o I
B
2r
(4  10 7 T .m / A)(5.00 A) 4
 3
 2.50  10 T
2(4.00  10 m)
Apply right hand corkscrew rule to find the direction of B.

 with the right thumb pointing in the direction of the current


(figure slide _ ), the fingers curl into the page at the
location of the proton. The angle between v and B is
therefore 90o.
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(b)The magnitude of the magnetic force on a charge
particle;

FB  qvBsin 

 (1.60  10 19 C )(1.50  10 3 m / s)(2.50  10 4 T ) sin 90


 6.00  10 20 N

Find direction of the magnetic force with right hand rule

 To the left

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Exercise 6.5
1. Find the direction of the current in the wire in Figure
below that would produce a magnetic field directed as
shown, in each case. (Serway)

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2. An electric wire in the wall of a building carries a dc
current of 25 A vertically upward. What is the magnetic
field due to this current at a point P 10 cm due north of
the wire. (Ans: 5.0 x 10-5 T) (Giancoli)

50
3. A 7.0 μC charge is traveling with a speed of 7.5 x 104
m/s parallel to a very long and straight wire. The wire
is 6.0 cm from the charge and carries a current of 60.0
A in the direction opposite to that the moving charge.
Find the magnitude and direction of the force on the
charge.
(Pastyear: APR 2008/phy131)

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How to draw the direction of magnetic field for
2 long straight wire

☺ 1 Let consider current flow different direction


parallel to each other

The direction magnetic


field of a coil

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☺ 2 Let consider current flow same direction parallel to
each other.

The direction magnetic


field of a coil

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Example 4
1. Two parallel straight wires 10.0 cm apart carry currents
in opposite direction. Current I1 = 5.0 A is out of page,
and I2 = 7.0 A is into the page. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the magnitude field halfway
between the two wires.
(Ans: 4.8 x 10-5 T) (Giancoli)

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Solution
 The midpoint is 0.05 m from each wire, and from the
equation the magnitudes of B1 and B2 are

 o I1 (4  10 7 T .m / A)(5.0 A)
B1    2.0  10 5 T
2r 2(0.05 m)

 o I 2 (4  10 7 T .m / A)(7.0 A) 5
B2    2.8  10 T
2r 2(0.05 m)

 The total field is up with a magnitude of

B  B1  B2  4.8  10 5 T
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Exercise 6.6
1. Calculate the resultant magnetic field at the point P due
to the two wires carrying as Figure below
(μo = 4π x 10-7 T.m A-1)
(Ans: B resultant = 9.6 x 10-6 T)

I = 3.0 A I = 6.0 A

10 cm

15 cm

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2. A long horizontal wire carries I1 = 20.0 A of current in the
positive-x direction as shown in Figure below. A second
wire is 5.0 cm below carries I2 = 15.0 A. Calculate the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic field midway
between these two wire if the current I2 flows:
a. In the same direction with I1
b. In the opposite direction with I1 (I2 flow in the
negative-x direction)
(past year: OCT 2008)

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3. Two long and fixed parallel wires A and B are 15 cm
apart and carry a current of 30 A and 50 A respectively
as shown below. Determine the magnitude and the
direction of magnetic field at point S.
(past year OCT 2007)

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4. A wire carries a 7.00 A current along the x axis and
another wire carries a 6.00 A current along the y axis
as shown in Figure below. What is the magnetic field
at point P located at x = 4.00 m, y = 3.00 m?
(Ans: 0.167 μT, out of the page)

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Ampere's Law

Ampere's law relates the magnetic


field around a closed loop to the total
current flowing through the loop.

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Ampère’s law can be used to calculate the magnetic field
in situations with a high degree of symmetry.

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Magnetic force between two parallel
wires
The magnetic field produced at the
position of wire 2 due to the current in
wire 1 is:

The force this field exerts on a length


l2 of wire 2 is:

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Direction of the force:
• Parallel currents attract;
• antiparallel currents repel.

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Example 5
The two wires of a 20 m long appliance cord are 3.0 mm
apart and carry a current of 8.0 A dc. Calculate the force
one wire exerts on the other.
(Ref-Giancoli)
Solution
 o I1 I 2 l
F
2d
(4  10 7 T m/A)( 8.0 A) 2 (2.0 m)

(3.0  10 3 m)
 8.5  10 3 N
64
Exercise 6.7

1. Two parallel wires are 10.0 cm apart, and each carries


a current of 10.0 A.
a) If the currents are in the same direction, find the
force per unit length exerted by one of the wires on
the other.
b) Are the wires attracted or repelled.

(Ans: F = 2.00 x 10-4 N)

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Magnetic field of a current loop

 Magnetic field line due to a


circular loop wire.
(a)

 Right hand corkscrew rule


can be used to determine
the magnetic field.
(b)

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 The magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of a
circular loop carrying current I as in figure (a) is given
by,
o I
B
2R

 The magnitude of the magnetic field of a coil of N


circular loops of radius R, each carrying current I, is
given by
o I
BN
2R

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Magnetic field of a solenoid

• A solenoid is a long coil of wire. If it is tightly wrapped,


the magnetic field inside the solenoid is

B   o nI

• Where n = N/ℓ is the number of turns per unit length of


the solenoid.

68
 Magnetic field due to a solenoid
(a): loosely spaced turns,
(b): closely spaced turns.

69
 For a point going the 4a
x-axis the field is
strongest at the
center of the
solenoid and drops I 2a
off near the ends.

 For a solenoid that is


very long in
comparison to its μonI
diameter, the field at
each end is exactly ½ μonI
half as strong as the
field at the center.
For short, fat solenoid -4a -3a -2a -a 0 a 2a 3a 4a x
the relationship is
more complicated.

70
Example 6
A thin 10 cm long solenoid used for fast electromechanical
switching has a total of 400 turns of wire and carries a
current of 2.0 A. Calculate the field inside near the center.
(Giancoli)

Solution
Use equations; B = μonI
The number of turns per unit length is n = 400/0.10 m
= 4.0 X 103 m-1.
B  nI
 4  10 7 T .m / A)( 4.0  10 3 m 1 )( 2.0 A)
 1.0  10 2 T
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Exercise 6.8
1. What current is required in the windings of a long
solenoid that has 1 000 turns uniformly distributed over
a length of 0.400 m in order to produce a magnetic field
of magnitude 1.00 × 10–4 T at the center of the
solenoid?
(Ans: 31.8 mA) (Serway)

2. A solenoid has length L= 1.23 m and inner diameter d =


3.55 cm, and it carries a current I = 5.57 A. It consists
of five close-packed layers, each with 850 turns along
length L. What is B at its center?
(Ans: 2.42 x10-2 T) (Halliday)

72
3. A solenoid is wound with 200 turns per centimeter. An
outer layer of insulated wire with 180 turns per
centimeter is wound over the solenoid’s first layer of
wire. When the solenoid is operating, the inner coil
carries a current of 10 A and the outer coil carries a
current of 15 A in the direction opposite to that of the
current in the inner coil (Fig. below). What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field at the center of the
doubly wound solenoid?
(Ans: 8.8 x 10-2 T) (Ref: Buffa).

73
Toroid
Doughnut shaped object
whose surface is a torus. Its
annular shape is generated
by revolving a circle around
an axis external to the circle.

Toroidal Inductor
A coil of insulated wire,
usually wound round a core
of iron or similar metal in a
doughtnut shape.

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Why use Toroids?

 High performance.
 They can be mounted closely together.
 Can be made in a wide range of values and characteristics.
 Simple to make.
 Q – High Quality factor (or Q).
 Economic.

Example Uses:
• Transformer / impedance matching.
• Variable-frequency oscillator (VFO).
• Many Others.

75
Example 7
A toroid wading carrying a current of 5A is wound with a
300 turns/m of wire. The core is iron, which has a magnetic
permeability of 5000 μo under the given conditions. Find H
and B inside the iron core.

Solution
Use equations;
H  nI  300 turns / m5 A  1500 A.turns / m

B  H  5000 H

 
 5000 4  10 7 Wb / A  m 1500 A  turns / m  9.43 T

*B is 5000 times larger than the field in the absence of iron 76


THE END

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