WELL LOGGING

GERY SIREGAR
153210295
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM RIAU
2017
 BAB I
A. HISTORY, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF A SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
1927 di
PECHELBRONN/
ALSACE

SCHLUMBERGER
BERSAUDARAMM
CORING LISTRIK
ATAU
ELECTROLOG
PERSAMAAN ARCHIE (1942)

 RESISTIVITAS LISTTRIK
MENGORELASIKAN  POROSITAS (ᶲ)
 SATURASI AIR (Sw)

KET:
 Ro = RESISTIVITAS FORMASI
 Rt = RESISTIVITAS @ Sw =100%
 Sw = SATURASI AIR
 PERKEMBANGAN LOG

-- Resistivity logs (first commercial logs), directed at water saturation

determination for clean rocks,
-- Spontaneous Potential log, directed at the separation of sand (clean
rock, reservoir) and shale,
-- Acoustic log, the only “porosity log” based on Wyllie’s equation
(Wyllie et al. 1956) in the early days.
PERKEMBANGAN LOG

DENGAN ADANYA ALAT NUKLIR MEMBAWA PERKEMBANGAN LOG,

ANTARA LAIN:

1. GAMMALOG ALAM MEMPERKIRAKAN KANDUNGAN SHALE

2. GAMMA- DENSITY & MENENTUKAN POROSITAS BATUAN

NEUTRONLOG

3. LOG POROSITAS PERHITUNGAN KOMPOSISI POROSITAS

DAN MINERAL BATUAN
 PERKEMBANGAN LOG

TEKNIK-TEKNIK DALAM
LOGGING

1. TEKNIK NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

-MENURUNKAN SIFAT RUANG PORI
2. TEKNIK MWD & LWD
- MEWUJUDKAN KARAKTERISASI
- UNTUK MELIHAT LAPISAN APA YANG
FLUIDA
DITEMBUS DALAM PROSES PENGEBORAN

2. TEKNIK WIRELINE
-PENGENDALIAN, PENYELESAIN DAN
KUALITAS(MISALNYA IKATAN LOG SEMEN)
- MEMANTAU SATURASI FLUIDA
Fig. A.1 The elements of well logging: a
measurement sonde in a borehole, the
wireline, and a mobile laboratory.
Courtesy of Schlumberger.
Fig. A.2 Examples of four logging tools. The dipmeter, on the left, has sensors on four
actuated arms, which are shown in their fully extended position. Attached to the
bottom of one of its four arms is an additional electrode array embedded in a rubber
“pad.” It is followed by a sonic logging tool, characterized by a slotted housing, and
then a density device with its hydraulically activated back-up arm fully extended. The
tool on the extreme right is another version of a dipmeter with multiple electrodes on
each pad. Courtesy of Schlumberger.
Fig. A.3 An LWD device containing a neutron and density measurement. The panel on
the left shows the tool with clamp-on wear bands so that the diameter is close to that
of the drill bit. In the right panel the tool is shown in the “slick” mode. Courtesy of
Schlumberger.
B. FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS AND THE WAY WE
GO

1. EKSPLORASI & PRODUKSI HC

2. EKSPLORASI SUMBER DAYA AIR & PANAS BUMI
3. EKSPLORASI MINERAL
4. INVESTIGASI GEOTEKNIK
5. DAN BERBAGAI MASALAH UMUM DALAM ILMU BUMI
EKSPLORASI HIDROKARBON

LOKALITAS
KEDALAMAN
GEOMETRI RESERVOIR

MEMVERIVFIKASI KEJADIAN GEOLOGI

KEDALAMAN & KETEBALAN LAPISAN
LITOLOGI & MINERALOGII
MENCARI RESERVOIR ATAU ZONA
YANG DIAMATI
MENGAMATI PERUBAHAN SATURASI FLUIDA SELAMA
PRODUKSI
STABILITAS DAN FENOMENA PENURUNAN PRODUKSI
 Oil and/or gas reserves ? ... Production ?

Geometry of the reservoir

Reservoir properties
- porosity
- saturation
- permeability, cap. pressure
Change of reservoir properties
(saturation = f(t), monitoring)

Figure B-1: The fundamental problems in hydrocarbon exploration – but note:

There are also other resources of interest apart from oil and gas, such as for
example water or geothermal resources and geotechnical problems.
FUNGSI LOG

•Properties of primary interest (porosity,

saturation, permeability) – reservoir properties,
MENENTUKAN
•Properties delivered from the well logging tools
(resistivity, nuclear cross section, acoustic
traveltime or slowness, natural gamma radiation
etc.) – log measured properties
CARA MENURUNKAN PERSAMAAN & ALGHORITMA UNTUK
MENENTUKAN SIFAT RESERVOIR

1) Secara empiris, dengan menggunakan

eksperimen,

2) Secara teoritis, dengan menggunakan

model,

3) kombinasi hasil teoritis dan empiris.

 Petrophysical
Define the rock Measured field Physical model in model
properties of data (LAS-file) terms of true rock representing
reservoir
Interest properties properties

Processing Interpretation
Log measurement (corrections, (calculation
porosity, saturation,
inversion, …) ….)

Example:
Resistivity
logs Rt, Rxo Sw, Sxo

Figure B-2: Workflow of a “Geophysical Investigation” (Principle).

Figure B-3: Main components of the textbook.
C. THERMINOLOGY

STOIIP k GOC
GIIP Sw KETEBALAN KOTOR
GBV Sh KETEBALAN BERSIH
NPV FWL KETEBALAN PROFIT
HCPV HWC REMAINING RESERVES
φ

PRODUKSI KUMULATIF  RF
UR Bo
NPV
 D. HOW IS LOGGING VIEWED BY OTHERS

Table D.1 Geological parameters of interest concerning

depositional environment. Only the compositional family is shown
in any detail. The final categories are accessible by a wide variety
of logging measurements. Adapted from Serra [6].
Table D.2
Table D.3 Questions answered by well logs, according to someone trying to sell
a well log interpretation course.
A set of logs run on a well will usually mean different things to different
people. Let us examine the questions asked–and/or answers sought by a
variety of people.
The Geophysicist:
As a Geophysicist what do you look for?
•Are the tops where you predicted?
•Are the potential zones porous as you have assumed from seismic data?
•What does a synthetic seismic section show?
The Geologist:
The Geologist may ask:
•What depths are the formation tops?
•Is the environment suitable for accumulation of Hydrocarbons?
•Is there evidence of Hydrocarbon in this well?
•What type of Hydrocarbon?
•Are Hydrocarbons present in commercial quantities?
•How good a well is ti?
•What are the reserves?
•Could the formation be commercial in an offset well?
The Drilling Engineer:
•What is the hole volume for cementing?
•Are there any Key-Seats or severe Dog-legs in the well?
•Where can you get a good packer seat for testing?
•Where is the best place to set a Whipstock?
The Reservoir Engineer:
The Reservoir Engineer needs to know:
•How thick is the pay zone?
•How Homogeneous is the section?
•What is the volume of Hydrocarbon per cubic metre?
•Will the well pay-out?
•How long will it take?

The Production Engineer:

The Production Engineer is more concerned with:
•Where should the well be completed (in what zone(s))?
•What kind of production rate can be expected?
•Will there be any water production?
•How should the well be completed?
•Is the potential pay zone hydraulically isolated?
 F. LOGGING CONTRACT
MENCAKUP BERBAGAI HAL SEBAGAI BERIKUT:
KEDALAMAN
BIAYA SURVEY
BIAYA STASION
RENTAL ALAT
BIAYA RENTAL ALAT LOGGING
RENTAL BASE
RENTAL ENGINEER
IN HOLE CHARGE
LOST IN HOLE CHARGE
CABLE SPLICE CHARGE
BIAYA PROSES
BIAYA DATA
REAL –TIME DATA TRANSMISSION
Sebagian perusahaan minyak juga akan menentukan, baik dalam kontrak atau
dalam dokumen terpisah untuk quality control. Item tersebut sebagai berikut:

PROSEDUR KALIBRASI ALAT SEBELUM & SESUDAH

SAMPLING BERTAHAP
PENGULANGAN KEGIATAN YANG DILAKUKAN
DATA & FORMAT DISERTAKAN DALAM LOG HEADER
PROCEDURES FOR NUMBERING AND SPLICING DIFFERENT RUN IN A HOLE
SCALE TO BE USED IN THE PRESENTASION IOF LOGS
FORMAT & MEDIA REQUIRED FOR DIGITAL DATA
REQUIREMENTS FOR REPORTING OF TIME BREAKDOWN OF LOGGING
OPERATION, PERSONNEL ON SITE, SERIAL NUMBERS OF TOOLS USED, INVENTORY
OF EXPLOSIVES, AND RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
SPECIFIC SAFETY PROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED
PROVISION OF BACKUP TOOLS
 FISHING EQUIPMENT TO BE PROVIDED
G. PREPARING A LOGGING PROGRAM
Development Well
171/2≤ hole section:
No logs required
121/4≤ hole section:
MWD [measurement while drilling]/GR
GR/resistivity/sonic (GR to surface)
If shows encountered include
GR/density/neutron and optional
pressure/
fluid sampling
81/2≤ hole section:
GR/resistivity/density/neutron
Dipole sonic/formation imager
Pressure/fluid sampling (sampling
dependent on oil being encountered)
VSP
Sidewall samples
Sebelum Pekerjaan Logging Sebenarnya Di Setiap Bagian,
Sebuah Program Biasanya Dikirim Ke Rig Dengan Spesifikasi
Yang Lebih Rinci Berikut Ini:

• The actual mnemonics of tools to be run (dependent on the

contractor)
• Intervals to be logged if different from the total openhole action
• How the tools are to be combined to form the individual
toolstrings
• Data transmission/delivery requirements
H. WELLSITE MUD LOGGING

ADA 2 TUGAS UTAMA:

1. Untuk memantau pengeboran parameter dan gas / cairan /
padatan kembali dari sumur untuk membantu bagian
pengeboran dalam keamanan dan optimasi proses pengeboran.

2. Memberikan informasi kepada petroleum engineering yang

bisa digunakan untuk tujuan evaluasi
Mud-logging unit akan menghasilkan mud log yang akan dikirim
ke kantor pusat perusahaan minyak (Darling,2005). Meliputi:

Pembacaan gas yang diperoleh dari detektor gas

atau kromatograf
 Pengecekan terhadap ketidakhadiran gas beracun (H2S, SO2)
Laporan analisis cutting yang telah dideskripsi secara lengkap
Rate of Penetration (ROP)
Indikasi keberadaan HC yang terdapat di dalam sampel
 Mud log merupakan alat yang berharga untuk petrophysics dan
geologist di dalam mengambil keputusan dan melakukan
evaluasi (Darling,2005). Hal-hal tersebut, antara lain:

Identifikasi tipe formasi dan litologi yang dibor

Identiifikasi zona yang porous dan permeabel
Picking of coring, casing, atau batas kedalaman pengeboran akhir
Memastikan keberadaan HC sampai pada tahap membedakan jenis Hc
tersebut apakah minyak atau gas.
 Agar informasi tersebut berguna maka ada standar deskripsi
baku yang harus dilakukan. Deskripsi tersebut meliputi
(Darling,2005):

• Sifat Butir
Tekstur Roundness dan sphericity
Tipe Kehadiran mineral jejak ( mis. pirit, kalsit)
Warna Tipe partikel karbonat
Partikel skeletal Partikel non-skeletal
Ukuran Sortasi
Kekerasan

• Porositas & Permeabilitas

Tipe porositas (intergranular, fracture, vuggy)
Permeabilitas ( permeabilitas rendah, menengah, atau tinggi)

• Deteksi HC
Identifikasi HC dapat dilakukan dengan salah
satu metode berikut:

ⱷ Natural fluorescence
ⱷ Solvent cut
ⱷ Acetone test
ⱷ Visible staining
ⱷ Odor
ⱷ Gas detection analysis
 REFERENCES

BASIC WELL LOGGING AND FORMATION EVALUATION.JURGEN

SCHON.2015

WELL LOGGING AND FORMATION EVALUATION.TOBY

DARLING.2005

WELL LOGGING FOR EARTH SCIENTIST.DARWIN & SINGER.2008