Introduction to Computer Numerically

Controlled(CNC) Machines and its

Advantages

Submitted by:
Submitted to: Bulon Ch. Hazarika
Mr. Pannalal Choudhury
Scholar no: 15-22-308
Associate Professor
Cad cam and automation
Introduction: Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machine
• Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine is one in which the
functions and motions of a machine tool are controlled by means
mini or microcomputer.
• All the cutting processes that are to be carried out and all the final
dimensions are fed into the computer via the program. The
computer thus knows what exactly is to be done and carries out all
the cutting processes. CNC machine works like the Robot, which
has to be fed with the program and it follows all your instructions.
• The computer translated the program into the appropriate
electrical signals for input to motors that run the machine..

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History:
• 1955 - John Parsons and US Air Force define a need to develop a machine
tool capable of machining complex and close tolerance aircraft parts with
the same quality time after time (repeatability).Which led to the
introduction Numerical Control(NC) machines which was controlled and
operate using a punched tape.
• Standardization of G codes in the early 60’s.
• 1960 - Direct Numerical Control (DNC). This eliminates paper tape punch
programs and allows programmers to send files directly to machine tools.
• 1980’s - Graphics based CAD/CAM systems introduced.
• Modern NC machine has a computer on board, Computer Numerical
Control (CNC). They can run unattended at over 20,000 r.p.m (spindle
speed) with a feed rate of over 600 i.p.m and an accuracy of .0001

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Some of common type of CNC machines:
 CNC Lathe Machine
CNC Milling Machine
CNC Drilling Machine
CNC Grinding Machine
CNC Laser Cutter
3D Printer

Example of CNC Milling Machine

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Examples of CNC Machines:

CNC Milling Machine HAAS CNC Turning Machine HAAS

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 Salient Features of CNC Machinery
• Machine Control Unit (MCU) is a microcomputer where we give the program or commands
and executes the commands into actions by the machine tool.
• Display Unit displays all the necessary information such as the spindle speed , tool position,
depth of cut etc.
• Input Device through which can enter programs directly and run them to perform the given
operation.
• Tools can operate in 1-5 axes thus making it easier to machine complex geometrical shapes.
• Movement is controlled by motors (actuators) which provide precise motion of the tool and
the table in the required direction.
• Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers) which provides the precise data of the
position of the tool and the work piece.
• Tool magazines can hold a large number of tools are used to change tools automatically.
• A CNC machine can work automatically for hours without any supervision.
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Basic Elements of CNC machine

a. Input Device
b. Machine Control Unit
c. Machine Tool
d. Driving System
e. Feedback Devices
f. Display Unit

NIT SILCHAR,ASSAM Example of a Display Unit

Working principles of a CNC Machines

Block Diagram
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Basic CNC Axis of Motion

Standard Milling Coordinate system

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Three Basic Categories of Motion Systems
in• Point
CNC to Point - No contouring capability
• Straight cut control - one axis motion at a time is controlled for machining
• Contouring - multiple axis’s controlled simultaneously

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How CNC machine performs an operation on the work piece?

To perform an operation we have to write a Part

Program which can be prepared manually(generally for
small programs) or automatically prepared(for complex
geometrical shapes) with the help of software packages.

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What is a Part Program?
The numerical data required to produce a part is provided to a machine in the form of
a program, called Part program or CNC program.

The program need to specify:

- Which tool should be loaded on the machine spindle?

- What are the cutting conditions (speed, feed, coolant ON/OFF etc.)?

- What is the start point and end point of a motion segment?

- How to move the tool with respect to a work piece in a machine?

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How to write a program?

To write of program which will perform the required operations we need to

provide the relevant numerical data in the form of various codes.
(Each line of program == 1 block)
Basic codes and terms used are:

• Preparatory Codes (G ) for initial machining setup and operating

conditions.
• Miscellaneous Codes ( M) for on/off of coolant flow, spindle rotation etc.
• Spindle Speed (S)
• Feed Rate (F)
• Tool number (T)
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 Example of a typical Block or
Line for a program:
feed rate

spindle speed

N100 G91 X -5.0 Y7.0 Z4.0 F100 S200 T01 M03 (EOB)
destination coordinates
sequence no
Tool number
preparatory function

miscellaneous function

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 Programming Example (Cylindrical Part)
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0303
Raw Material N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X22.50 Z2.0 S500
N0080 G01 Z-30.0 F100
N0090 G00 X23.0 Z2.0 S500
Finished Part N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0
N0120 X50.0 Z50.0
N0130 M30
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Some application of CNC machines:

a.Cutting
b.Drilling
c. Milling
d.Welding
e. Boring
f. Bending
g.Sewing

ongoing Laser Cutting in a CNC machine

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Applications of CNC machines in some industries and institutions:

 Automotive Industry
 Aerospace Industry
 Machinery Industry
 Electrical Industry
 Instrumentation Industry
 Medical Institutions
 Educational Institutions

CNC machines in a Automotive Industry

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Advantages of CNC:
- CNC machines can be used continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
and only need to be switched off for occasional maintenance
- Flexibility in operations is improved, as it has the ability to produce
complex shapes with good dimensional accuracy;
- Repeatability;
- Reduced scrap loss:
- Easier to program;
- Easy store, edit and change existing programs;
- Stabilize manufacturing costs;
- Avoids human errors;
- Safer to operate;
- Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines
- high production rates NIT SILCHAR,ASSAM
Summary

CNC machines allow precise and repeatable control in machining

CNC lathes, Milling machines, etc. are all controlled by NC programs

NC programs can be generated manually, automatically

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REFERENCES:

Mickell P. Groover & Emory W. Zimmers, Jr “Computer Aided

Design and Manufacturing”

P.N Rao “CAD/CAM Principles and Applications”

INDUSTRIAL CENTRE, THE HONGKONG POLYTECHNIC

UNIVERSITY “Computer Numerical Control (CNC)”

P.Radhakrishnan , S Subramanyan & V.Raju “

CAD/CAM/CIM”

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