Chapter 428 Reactionsin Aqueous Equilibria 29

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Reactions in Aqueous Equilibria

AP chemistry
SY 2018 - 2019
MR. L. MACASAET
ROOM D13
Solutions
 Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures of two or
more pure substances.
 The solvent is present in greatest abundance.
 All other substances are solutes.
 When water is the solvent, the solution is called an
aqueous solution.
Aqueous solutions
Substances can dissolve in water by
different ways:
 Ionic Compounds dissolve by
dissociation, where water
surrounds the separated ions.
 Molecular compounds interact
with water, but most do NOT
dissociate.
 Some molecular substances react
with water when they dissolve.
Terminology
 An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates into ions when
dissolved in water.
 A nonelectrolyte may dissolve in water, but it does not dissociate
into ions when it does so.
Summary of the Electrolytic Behavior of Common Soluble Ionic and

Molecular Compounds
Strong Electrolyte Weak Electrolyte Nonelectrolyte
Ionic All None None
Molecular Strong Acids Weak acids, weak bases All other
compounds
Terminology
 strong electrolytes dissociate completely when dissolved in water.
 weak electrolytes only dissociate partially when dissolved in water.
 nonelectrolytes do NOT dissociate in water.
Solubility of ionic compounds
Not all ionic compounds dissolve in water. A list of solubility rules is
used to decide what combination of ions will dissolve.
Solubility Guidelines for Common Ionic Compounds in Water

Soluble Ionic Compounds Important Exceptions
Compounds containing NO3- None
CH3COO- None
Cl- Compounds of Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+
Br- Compounds of Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+
I- Compounds of Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+
Solubility Guidelines
SO42- for Common Ionic
Compounds of SrCompounds
2+
in Water
, Ba2+, Hg22+, and Pb2+
Insoluble Ionic Compounds Important Exceptions

Compounds containing S2- Compounds of NH4+, the alkali metal cations, Ca2+, Sr2+ and
Ba2+
CO32- Compounds of NH4+, and the alkali metal cations
PO43- Compounds of NH4+, and the alkali metal cations
OH- Compounds of NH4+, and the alkali metal cations
Metathesis (Exchange Reactions)
Metathesis comes from a Greek word that means “to transpose.” It
appears as though the ions in the reactant compounds exchange, or
transpose, ions, as seen in the equation below.
Example:
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
Steps in balancing metathesis reactions:
 Use the chemical formulas of the reactants to determine which
ions are present.
 Write formulas for the products: cation from one reactant, anion
from the other. Use charges to write proper subscripts.
 Check your solubility rules. If either product is insoluble, a
precipitate forms.
 Balance the equation.
Ways to write:
 Molecular equation
 Complete ionic equation
 Net ionic equation
The molecular equation lists the reactants and products without
indicating the ionic nature of the compounds.
Example:
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
In the complete ionic equation all strong electrolytes (strong acids,
strong bases, and soluble ionic salts) are dissociated into their ions.
This more accurately reflects the species that are found in the
reaction mixture.
Example:
Ag+(aq) + NO3−(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
 AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3−(aq)
To form the net ionic equation, cross out anything that does not
change from the left side of the equation to the right. The ions
crossed out are called spectator ions, K+ and NO3−, in this example.
The remaining ions are the reactants that form the product - an
insoluble salt in a precipitation reaction, as in this example.
Example:
Ag+(aq) + NO3−(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl−(aq)  AgCl(s) + K+(aq) +
NO3−(aq)
Net Ionic Equation: Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq)  AgCl(s)

Metathesis - Types
1) Precipitation Reactions: When
two solutions containing
soluble salts are mixed,
sometimes an insoluble salt
will be produced. A salt “falls”
out of solution, like snow out of
the sky. This solid is called a
precipitate. Solubility rules
also dictate if a precipitate
forms or not.
Metathesis – Solubility Rules
Type of Compound Soluble Insoluble or slightly soluble {ss}

Nitrates all
Chlorides all except those listed as copper (I), mercury (I), silver;
insoluble lead (II) {ss}
Sulfates all except those listed as strontium, barium, lead (II);
insoluble calcium {ss}, silver {ss}
Hydroxides sodium, potassium and all except those listed as soluble;
ammonium calcium {ss}, strontium {ss}, barium
{ss}
Sulfides ammonium, group IA metals all except those listed as soluble
and group IIA metals
Carbonates and ammonium, group IA metals all except those listed as soluble
phosphates and group IIA metals
Ammonium and all
group IA metals
Metathesis - Types
1) Precipitation Reactions:
Example: Will a precipitate form from the reaction of:
a. silver nitrate and potassium chloride?
b. sodium carbonate and calcium nitrate?
c. sodium hydroxide and barium chloride?
d. ammonium chloride and lead(II) nitrate?
e. silver chloride and potassium hydroxide?
f. strontium nitrate and lithium chloride?
g. potassium chloride and sodium sulfate?
Metathesis - Types
2) Acid–base reactions: Reactions where the acid donates a
proton (H+) to the base. Reactions between an acid and a base
are called neutralization reactions. When the base is a metal
hydroxide, water and a salt (an ionic compound) are produced.
In the reaction above, the water (H2O) acts as the acid as it donates a proton to the
NH3 molecule, which is the base.
Metathesis (Acid-Base Reactions)
The Swedish physicist and chemist
S. A. Arrhenius defined acids as
substances that increase the
concentration of H+ when dissolved in
water. Both the Danish chemist J. N.
Brønsted and the British chemist T. M.
Lowry defined them as proton donors.
Arrhenius defined bases as
substances that increase the
concentration of OH− when
dissolved in water. Brønsted and
Lowry defined them as proton
acceptors.
Strong acids completely dissociate in water; weak acids only partially
dissociate. Strong bases dissociate to metal cations and hydroxide anions in
water; weak bases only partially react to produce hydroxide anions.
Common Strong Acids and Bases

Strong Acids Strong Bases
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Group 1A metal hydroxides
[LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH]
Hydrobromic acid (HBr) Group 2A metal hydroxides
[Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2]
Hydroiodic acid (HI)
Chloric acid (HClO3)
Perchloric acid (HClO4)
Nitric acid (HNO3)
Sulfuric acid (first proton), H2SO4
When a strong acid (like HCl) reacts with a strong base (like NaOH),
the net ionic equation is circled below:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH−(aq)  Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + H2O(l)
H+(aq) + OH−(aq)  H2O(l)

Metathesis - Types
3) Gas forming reactions: Some metathesis reactions do not
give the product expected. When a carbonate or
bicarbonate reacts with an acid, the products are a salt,
carbon dioxide, and water.
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
NaHCO3(aq) + HBr(aq)  NaBr(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Oxidation-reduction reactions (Redox)
These are two reactions that happen simultaneously. In each
reaction, electrons are either lost or gained. Oxidation occurs when at
least one element loses an electron. Reduction happens when at least
one element gains an electron.
To figure out how oxidation-reduction occurs, it is important to
know what oxidation numbers are. An oxidation state or number is
assigned to an atom or part of a compound, signifying the number of
charges the atom would have in a molecule or a formula unit if
electrons were transferred completely.
Oxidation numbers
How do we assign these oxidation states?
(1) As free elements (uncombined states), each atom has
an oxidation number of zero (0).
Example:
each atom in the following has an oxidation number of zero
Na, Be, K, O2, P4, H2
Oxidation numbers
(2) For monatomic ions, the charge is equal to its oxidation
numbers.
ex: monatomic ion oxidation number
Li+ +1
Mg2+ +2
O2- -2
Oxidation numbers
(3) The oxidation number of oxygen in most compounds is
-2, except in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxide ion
(O22-) where it is -1.
(4) The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1, except when
bonded to metals (as metal hydride in LiH, NaH, CaH2)
where it is -1.
Oxidation numbers
(5) Fluorine has an oxidation number of -1 in all its
compounds. The other halogens have a negative
oxidation numbers in their compounds except when
combined with oxygen, in which they have a positive
oxidation number.
Oxidation numbers
(6) In neutral compounds, the sum of the oxidation numbers
of all the atoms must be zero.
ex: Compound oxidation numbers
NaCl Na = +1 ; Cl = -1
MgBr2 Mg = +2 ; Br = -1
Oxidation numbers
(7) In polyatomic ions, the sum of the oxidation numbers of
all the atoms must be equal to the charge of the ion.
ex: ion oxidation numbers
NH4+ N = -3 H = +1
Oxidation Numbers - Set 1 Exercises
Set 1 Exercises
Identify the oxidation state of each substance:
(1) Ne (2) N2 (3) No (4) Na+
(5) Al3+ (6) Cu2+ (7) Cu+
(DUE 10/01/18)
Set 2 Exercises
Identify the oxidation state of each element:
(1) NO2- (2) NO (3) HCl
(4) MgH2 (5) MgBr2 (6) OBr2
(7) KMnO4 (8) SO43-
(DUE 10/01/18)
Set 3 Exercises
(1) N in N2O3 (2) S in H2SO4 (3) C in CO
(5) Na in NaCl (6) H in H2O (7) Ba in
BaCl2
(8) N in NO2- (9) S in Al2S3 (10) S in
HSO4-
(11) Cl in Fe(ClO2)3 (12) Fe in Fe(ClO2)3 (13) N in

(DUE 10/01/18)
NO3-(14) Cu2+ (15) Zn2+
Set 4 Exercises
(16) C in CH4 (17) Mn in MnO2 (18) S in SO32-
(19) Mg2+ (20) Cl- (21) O2
(22) P4 (23) Na in Na2S (24) S in H2S
(25) Ca2+ (26) C in CN- (27) H in OH-

(28) Mn in KMnO4 (29) I in Mg(IO3)2 (30) C in C2O42-
(DUE 10/01/18)
Write balanced molecular, ionic and net ionic equations
for each of the following:
1. The reaction between aqueous solutions of sodium
chloride and lead (II) nitrate.
2. The precipitation of iron (II) carbonate from aqueous
solutions of ferrous chloride and sodium carbonate.
3. The reaction between aqueous magnesium hydroxide
and hydrochloric acid.
(DUE 10/01/18)
Review
I. What is the oxidation number of
(a) Fe (b) Fe2+ (c) Fe3+
II. What is the oxidation number of each element in
(a) magnesium sulfate
(b) copper (II) borate
(c) vanadium (IV) peroxide
Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox)
Given the example: 2Zn (s) + O2 (g)  2ZnO (s)
This is an oxidation-reduction reaction because:
(1) Zn loses 2 electrons going from Zn to ZnO
Zn (o.n. = 0) to ZnO (o.n. = +2)
(2) O2 gains 2 electrons going from O2 to ZnO.
O (o.n. = 0) to ZnO (o.n. = -2)
Zn loses 2 electrons going from Zn to ZnO
Zn (o.n. = 0) to ZnO (o.n. = +2)
Since Zn lost electrons, it was oxidized.
Since O2 caused the oxidation of Zn, O2 is the oxidizing
agent!
O2 gains 2 electrons going from O2 to ZnO.
O (o.n. = 0) to ZnO (o.n. = -2)
Since O gained electrons, it was reduced.
Since Zn caused the reduction of O2, Zn is the reducing
agent!
In an oxidation-reduction reaction, remember that
 oxidation involves the loss of electrons and reduction
involves the gain of electrons. (Oil Rig)
 the substance that lost electrons is oxidized and is the
reducing agent.
 the substance that gained electrons is reduced and is the
oxidizing agent.
Example: Given the reaction:
2Na(s) + Cl2 (g)  2NaCl(s)
Na
Which substance is oxidized? _____
Cl2
Which substance is reduced? _____
Which substance is the reducing agent? Na

_____
Which substance is the oxidizing agent? Cl

_____
2
Example: Given the reaction:
Mg(s) + S (s)  MgS(s)
Which substance is oxidized? Mg
_____
S
Which substance is reduced? _____
Which substance is the reducing agent? Mg

_____
S
Which substance is the oxidizing agent? _____
Displacement reactions
 Displacement reactions (i.e.: single replacement reactions) are reactions
that occur when electrons transfer from one species to another. They are,
by definition, redox reactions also.
 Take for example the reaction of metallic copper with aqueous silver
nitrate. We may think that the reaction goes as follow:
Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq)  Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
 In reality, though, remember that aqueous silver nitrate is soluble in
water and thus will separate into ions: AgNO3(aq)  Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
In displacement reactions, what really happens is that the ions oxidize an
element. In this reaction, silver ions oxidize copper metal:
Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
In displacement reactions, the
reaction is limited by the reactivity
of the replacing element!
Elements higher on the activity
series are more reactive. They are
more likely to exist as ions.
The elements above hydrogen
will react with acids to produce
hydrogen gas. The metal is
oxidized to a cation.
Will a reaction occur between
magnesium metal and iron (II)
nitrate? If so, what is the net ionic
reaction? Identify the substance
oxidized and the substance
reduced.
magnesium metal and potassium
nitrate? If so, what is the net ionic
reaction? Identify the substance
oxidized and the substance
reduced.
hydrochloric acid and metallic
aluminum? If so, what is the net
ionic reaction? Identify the
substance oxidized and the
substance reduced.
Solution concentration

The quantity of solute in a solution can matter to a chemist.
We call the amount dissolved its concentration. Molarity is
one way to measure the concentration of a solution:
Molarity (M) =
Solution preparation
To create a solution of a known molarity, weigh out a known mass
(and therefore, number of moles) of the solute. Then add solute to a
volumetric flask, and add solvent to the line on the neck of the flask.
Solution preparation - Dilution
One can also dilute a more concentrated solution by using a pipet to
deliver a volume of the solution to a new volumetric flask, and adding
solvent to the line on the neck of the new flask.
Solution preparation - Dilution
The molarity of the new solution can be determined from
the equation : Mc x Vc = Md x Vd,
where Mc and Md are the molarity of the concentrated and
dilute solutions, respectively, and Vc and Vd are the
volumes of the two solutions.
Solution stoichiometry
Solution stoichiometry - Exercises
1. Given the reaction: 2 HCl + Zn --> ZnCl 2 + H2
(a) When you use 25 mL of 4.0 M HCl to produce H 2 gas, how
many grams of zinc does it react with?
(b) What volume of H2 gas is produced at STP?
2. Given the reaction: CaCO3 + 2 HCl --> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

How much 0.80 M HCl would be needed to dissolve a CaCO 3
pearl which weighs 4.0 grams?
Solution stoichiometry – Exercises (ANSWERS)
1. Given the reaction: 2 HCl + Zn --> ZnCl 2 + H2
(a) When you use 25 mL of 4.0 M HCl to produce H 2 gas, how many grams of
zinc does it react with?
For a)
Step 1: find the number of moles of HCl present. You can get this from the
given concentration and volume. (Remember: M = )
MHCl = 4.0 M = ; moles HCl = 0.10 mole HCl
Step 2: use stoich to find the mass of zinc.

0.10 mole HCl x x = 3.3 g Zn
1. Given the reaction: 2 HCl + Zn --> ZnCl2 + H2
(a) When you use 25 mL of 4.0 M HCl to produce H2 gas, how many grams of
zinc does it react with?
For b)
Step 1) We use the moles of HCl computed in a), which is 0.10 mole HCl
Step 2: use stoich to find the volume of H2, this time using the definition
where 1 mole of any gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.4L.
0.10 mole HCl x x = 1.1 L H2
2. Given the reaction: CaCO3 + 2 HCl --> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
How much 0.80 M HCl would be needed to dissolve a CaCO 3 pearl
which weighs 4.0 grams?
Step 1: find the number of moles of HCl needed to react with the CaCO3
4.0 g CaCO3 x x = 0.080 mole HCl
Step 2: find the volume of HCl needed (Remember: M = )

MHCl = 0.80 M = ; Volume of HCl = 0.10 L or 1.0 x 102 mL
Solution stoichiometry – Set 6 Exercises
1. What is the concentration of each ion in the solution
formed when 94.78 g of iron (III) sulfate is dissolved into
550.0 mL of solution?
2. If 1.78 L of 0.420 M barium fluoride solution is added to
2.56 L of water, what is the resulting concentration of
each ion?
3. If 25.0 mL of a 0.50 M KCl solution is added to 50.0 mL of
a 0.25 M NaCl solution, what is the concentration of the
chloride ions in solution?
Exercises - Set 7 Exercises
1. Barium nitrate and potassium sulfate solutions react and form
a precipitate. What is the precipitate? How many mL of 0.40 M
Ba(NO3)2 solution are required to precipitate completely the
sulphate ions in 25 mL of 0.80 M K2SO4 solution?
2. A salt contains only barium and one of the halide ions. A
0.1480 g sample of the salt was dissolved in water and an
excess of sulfuric acid was added to form barium sulfate,
which was filtered, dried and weighed. Its mass was found to
be 0.1660 g. What is the formula for the barium halide?
Exercises (For Practice – Due on Exam 2)

1. If I add 25 mL of water to 125 mL of a 0.15 M NaOH solution, what will the molarity
of the diluted solution be?
2. How much 0.050 M HCl solution can be made by diluting 250 mL of 10.0 M HCl?
3. I have 345 mL of a 1.5 M NaCl solution. If I boil the water until the volume of the
solution is 250 mL, what will the molarity of the solution be?
4. What is the concentration of a solution made by mixing 100.0 mL of a 2.5 M NaOH
solution and 200.0 mL of a 0.25 M NaOH solution?
5. If 2.500 g of copper (II) chloride was added to 150.0 mL of a 0.500 M copper (II)
chloride solution, what is the concentration of the new solution? What if I added
2.500 of the dihydrate instead of anyhydrous copper (II) chloride, what would the
concentration of the solution be? (The densities are as follows: water = 1.0 and
CuCl2 = 3.39 )
Today’s Practice (10/01/18)
What mass of copper (II) chloride is needed in order to
make 100.0 mL of a 0.750 M CuCl2 solution? If anhydrous
copper (II) chloride is unavailable, what mass of the
dihydrate will be needed to make the same solution? What
is the concentration of each ion in the solution?
Solution Preparation
Solutions can be prepared from solid solutes and from stock solutions. The
procedure requires knowledge of both methodology and computations.
Example 1: How can you prepare 200.0 mL of a 1.50 M silver nitrate solution
from solid silver nitrate crystals?
Step 1: know how much of the solid you need
= ; 1.50 M = ;
moles AgNO3 = 0.300 moles AgNO3 x = 50.964 g AgNO3
from solid silver nitrate crystals?
Step 2: prepare the solution (know how much water to add). Note that the
200.0 mL represents the total volume of the solutions AND NOT the volume
of water you are adding. You need to therefore dissolve the 50.964 g
AgNO3 in an amount of water less than the total volume (≈100.0
mL) and then dilute the solution to 200.0 mL after all the solute has
dissolved. Note that the best glassware to use here is a 200-mL volumetric
flask.
from a 10.0 M stock solution of silver nitrate?
Step 1: know how many moles you need to prepare the solution.
= ; 1.50 M = ;
moles AgNO3 needed = 0.300 moles

Step 2: compute how much of the stock solution would contain the moles of
AgNO3 needed (0.300 moles)
= ; 10.0 M = ;
Volume of the stock solution needed: 0.0300 L or 30.0 mL
Step 3: prepare the solution (know how much water to add). You need to
therefore obtain 30.0 mL of the 10.0 M AgNO3 stock solution and
then dilute the solution to 200.0 mL.
Solution Preparation – Problem Set 1
List a procedure to prepare a 1.00 l of a 0.750 M copper (II) chloride
solution from (a) anhydrous copper (II) chloride, (b) copper (II)
chloride dihydrate and (c) a 15.0 M stock solution of copper
(II)chloride.
Problems on Dilution and Mixing Solutions
1. What will be the new concentration of 200.0 mL of a 1.50
M silver nitrate solution if it is diluted with 100.0 mL of
water?
2. What will be the concentration of the solution formed by
mixing 100.0 mL of a 2.00 M silver nitrate solution and
200.0 mL of a 0.500 M silver nitrate solution?
1. What will be the new concentration of 200.0 mL of a 1.50 M
silver nitrate solution if it is diluted with 100.0 mL of water?
200.0 mL of a 100.0 mL of
Solution 3
1.50 M AgNO3 water
What is the new volume of the 300.0 mL

solution?
Did the moles of the solute NO
change?
1. What will be the new concentration of 200.0 mL of a 1.50 M
 The concentration of the new solution is:
Msolution 3 =
 The moles of the solute comes only from the first solution,
and can be computed as follows: M = ,
Solution 3
moles solute = 1.50 M x 0.2000 L = 0.300 mole
 Substituting into the first equation:
Msolution 3 = = 1.00 M
2. What will be the concentration of the solution formed by mixing
100.0 mL of a 2.00 M silver nitrate solution and 200.0 mL of a
0.500 M silver nitrate solution?
200.0 mL of a
100.0 mL of a
0.500 M Solution 3
2.00 M AgNO3
AgNO3
What is the new volume of the 300.0 mL

solution?
Did the moles of the solute YES
change?
2. What will be the concentration of the solution formed by
mixing 100.0 mL of a 2.00 M silver nitrate solution and 200.0
mL of a 0.500 M silver nitrate solution?
 The concentration of solution 3 :Msolution 3 =
 The moles of the solute comes only from both solutions, and
can be computed as follows: M = ,
Solution 3 moles solute in solution 1 = 2.00 M x 0.1000 L = 0.200
mole
moles solute in solution 2 = 0.500 M x 0.2000 L = 0.100
mole
 Substituting into the first equation:
Msolution 3 = = 1.00 M
Dilution and Mixing Solutions – Problem Set 2
1. If 45.0 mL of water are added to 250. mL of a 0.75 M K 2SO4 solution,
what will the molarity of the diluted solution be?
2. If water is added to 175 mL of a 0.45 M KOH solution until the
volume is 250. mL, what will the molarity of the diluted solution be?
3. How much water would need to be added to 750. mL of a 2.80 M HCl
solution to make a 1.0 M solution?
4. What is the concentration of a solution formed when the following
sodium acetate solutions are combined? 100.0 mL of a 2.50 M
solution, 150.0 mL of a 0.750 M solution and 450.0 mL of a 1.25 M
solution.
Homework (Due on the day of Exam 2)
Chapter 4
1. page 157, number 4.5
2. page 161, numbers 4.87, 4.92, and 4.94
3. page 162, number 4.99
4. Page 164, number 4.107
Today’s Practice (10/02/18)
1. What is the concentration of the metal cation in 450.0
mL solution containing 6.25 g of potassium phosphate?
Will the concentration of the cation change when the
solution is diluted to 1.000 L? What would be the new
concentration?
2. On the laboratory table, a student, Andrew, added 2.00 g
of solid iron (II) nitrate in 75.0 mL of a 0.500 M iron (II)
nitrate solution. What would be the new concentration of
the solution?
Dilution problems (Using M1x V1 = M2 x V2)
What will be the new concentration of 200.0 mL of a 1.50 M

Method 1:
Mnew solution = = = 1.00 M
What will be the new concentration of 200.0 mL of a 1.50 M
Method 2:
Since the moles of solute does not change, then:
moles solute in solution A = moles solute in solution B
Therefore: Msolution A x Vsolution A = Msolution B x Vsolution B
Substituting: (1.50 M) x (0.2000 L) = Msolution B x (0.3000
L)
Msolution B = 1.00 M
Remember:
The formula M1 x V1 = M2 x V2 can only be used if the
molar quantity of the solute in both solutions are the same.
This is true for dilution problems, when only the volume of
the solution changes and the moles of the solute does not.
Titration
A titration is an analytical technique in which one can
calculate the concentration of a solute in a solution.
Titration
A solution of known concentration, called a standard
solution, is used to determine the unknown concentration of
another solution. The reaction is complete at the
equivalence point.
Acid-base Titration
The general reaction of an acid and a base follows any
stoichiometric relationship:
ACID + BASE ---> a SALT + WATER
Example:
HCl + NaOH ---> NaCl + H2O
HCl + KOH ---> KCl + H2O
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 ---> Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
Acid-base Titration
Is the process of determining the concentration of an acid
or a base by neutralizing it with an acid or a base having a
known concentration. This is a quantitative analysis used to
determine the concentration of an unknown acid or a base.
To titrate means to add the acid or a base slowly until
neutralization takes place.
Acid-base Titration (Equipment)
Buret Clamp
Squirt bottle
Acid and Base
Reagents/Unkno
Erlenmeyer
wn
flask
Buret indicator
Ring Stand
Acid-base Titration
 The buret is filled with the
standard solution (known
concentration).
 The Erlenmeyer flask is filled with
the solution with unknown
concentration.
 The liquid from the buret is slowly
dispensed until neutralization is
achieved.
Acid-base Titration
Reading the buret involves looking
(eye-level) at the lower meniscus
and reporting the volume using the
appropriate number of decimal
places, which should be the same
every time a measurement is made
with the buret.
Acid-base Titration - terminology
 Titrant – is the solution with a known concentration; is normally
placed inside the buret
 Titrand – is the solution with an unknown concentration; is usually
placed in the Erlenmeyer flask
 Titrate – to add acid or base until neutralization takes place
 Indicator – added to the titrand to determine when neutralization
takes place
 End point – point where neutralization has occurred; titration is
finished
 Equivalence point - point at which chemically equivalent quantities
of acid and base have been mixed
Acid-base Titration – Titration curves
Acid-base Titration
Sample problems:
1. A student titrated 40.0 mL of an unknown solution of NaOH
with a 0.20 M HCl solution. If 50.0 mL of the acid was needed,
what is the concentration of the unknown NaOH solution?
2. If it takes 54.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH to neutralize 125.0 mL of
an unknown HCl solution, what is the concentration of the
HCl?
3. What volume of a 2.0 M HCl solution is needed to neutralize
50.0 mL of a 0.75 M NaOH solution ?
Acid-base Titration - Answers
Sample problems:
1. A student titrated 40.0 mL of an unknown solution of NaOH with a 0.20
M HCl solution. If 50.0 mL of the acid was needed, what is the
concentration of the unknown NaOH solution?
 Reaction Involved: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

 Neutralization occurs when all the reactants are consumed and no excess reactant
is present. This occurs, according to the equation, when there are equal moles of
reactants, that is molesNaOH = molesHCl.
 molesNaOH = MNaOH x VNaOH = molesHCl = MHCl x VHCl
 Therefore: MNaOH x 0.0400 L = 0.20 M x 0.0500 L ; MNaOH = 0.25 M
 The concentration of the unknown NaOH solution is 0.25 M
Sample problems:
2. If it takes 54.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH to neutralize 125.0 mL of an unknown
HCl solution, what is the concentration of the HCl?

 Neutralization occurs when all the reactants are consumed and no excess
reactant is present. This occurs, according to the equation, when there are equal
moles of reactants, that is molesNaOH = molesHCl.
 Therefore: 0.10 M x 0.0540 L = MHCl x 0.1250 L ; MHCl = 0.043 M
 The concentration of the HCl solution is 0.043 M
Sample problems:
3. What volume of a 2.0 M HCl solution is needed to neutralize 50.0
mL of a 0.75 M NaOH solution ?

 Neutralization occurs when all the reactants are consumed and no excess
reactant is present. This occurs, according to the equation, when there are equal
moles of reactants, that is molesNaOH = molesHCl.
 Therefore: 0.75 M x 0.0500 L = 2.0 M x VHCl ; VHCl = 0.019 L
 The volume of the HCl solution will be 0.019 L or 19 mL
Acid-base Titration Experiment Preparation
You are to prepare the solutions that you will use for the next experiment,
which is an acid-base titration experiment.
Task 1: Prepare the following solutions

1. 500.0 mL of 0.25 M sodium hydroxide solution from solid sodium
hydroxide (store in a plastic reagent bottle and label with your period
number and concentration)
2. Prepare 500.0 mL of 0.25 M HCl solution from a 6.0 M stock solution of
HCl (store in a glass reagent bottle and label with your period number,
table number and concentration)
Acid-base Titration Experiment Preparation
You are to prepare the solutions that you will use for the next experiment,
which is an acid-base titration experiment.
Write a procedure in order to prepare each of the solutions. Indicate the

amount of the reagents that you will theoretically use. Write down (as your
data, the actual amounts that you used)
Acid-base Titration Lab
Task 2:
1. Standardize the prepared NaOH solution by titrating KHP
(Potassium Acid Phthalate) to know what it’s actual
concentration is.
2. Standardize the prepared HCl solution by titrating with
the NaOH that you prepared and standardized so that
you know the actual concentration of your acid.
Proceed to Acid-Base Titration Lab
Exercises (Problem 1)
1. A solution is made by mixing 15.0 g of strontium hydroxide
and 55.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3. (a) Write the molecular
equation, complete ionic equation and net ionic equation.
(b) Calculate the concentration of each ion remaining in
solution. (c) Is the resultant solution acidic or basic?
(a) molecular : Sr(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3(aq)  2H2O(l) + Sr(NO3)2(aq)

complete ionic: Sr2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)  2H2O(l) + Sr2+(aq) +
2NO3-(aq)
net ionic: 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq)  2H2O(l)
(b) [H+] = 0M ; [NO3-] = 0.200 M ; [Sr2+] = 2.21 M ; [OH-] = 4.21 M
(c) Solution is basic since there is excess OH-
2. A solution of 100.0 mL of 0.200 M potassium hydroxide is
mixed with a solution of 200.0 mL of 0.150 M nickel (II)
sulfate. (a) Write the molecular equation, complete ionic
equation and net ionic equation. (b) What precipitate
forms? (c) What is the limiting reactant? (d) How many
grams of this precipitate form? (e) What is the
concentration of each ion that remains in solution?
(a) molecular : 2KOH(aq) + NiSO4(aq)  K2SO4(aq) + Ni(OH)2(s)
complete ionic: 2K+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2Ni2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)  Ni(OH)2(s) + 2K+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
net ionic: 2Ni2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Ni(OH)2(s)
(b) Precipitate = Ni(OH)2
(c) Limiting reactant = KOH
(d) Mass of the precipitate = 0.927 g
(e) [K+] = 0.0667 M ; [SO42-] = 0.100 M ; [Ni2+] = 0.067 M ; [OH-] = 0 M
3. A 25.0 mL of 1.00 M NaCl is mixed with 35.0 mL of 2.20
M AgNO3. A precipitate is formed and falls out of solution.
Calculate the concentrations of all ions remaining in
solution after the precipitation stops. Write the complete
ionic and net ionic equations for the reaction.
[Na+] = 0.417 M ; [NO3-] = 1.28 M ; [Ag+] = 0.867 M; [Cl-] = 0 M
Exercises (Problems 4-6)
4. Calculate the concentration of each ion and the mass of
any precipitate when a 0.300 mole of aluminum hydroxide
is added to 50.0 ml of 2.5 M nitric acid solution. Assume
that the volume change after the addition of the solid
aluminum hydroxide is negligible.
5. Find the molarity of each ion present after mixing 27.0 ml
of 0.25 M HNO3 with 36.0 ml of 0.42 M Ca(NO3)2.
6. A 40.0 ml sample of 0.25 M KOH is added to 60.0 ml of
0.15 M Ba(OH)2. What is the molar concentration of OH-
(aq) in the resulting solution?(assume that the volumes
are additive.)
Exercises (Problems 4-6)
4. [H+] = 0 M ; [Al3+] = 6.0 M ; [NO3-]=2.5 M ; [OH-] =
15.5 M
5. [H+] = 0.11 M ; [NO3-] = 0.59 M ; [Ca2+] = 0.24 M
6. [OH-] = 0.28 M
7. A 4.36 g sample of an unknown alkali metal hydroxide is
dissolved in 100.0 mL of water. An acid-base indicator is
added and the resulting solution is titrated with 2.50 M
HCl(aq) solution. The indicator changes color signaling
that the equivalence point has been reached after 17.0
mL of the hydrochloric acid solution has been added. (a)
What is the molar mass of the metal hydroxide? (b) What
is the identity of the alkali metal cation?
(a) The molar mass of the metal hydroxide is 85.58
(b) The unknown alkali metal is rubidium (Rb)

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California Distinguished School

Piedmont Hills High School

Reactions in Aqueous Equilibria

Summary of the Electrolytic Behavior of Common Soluble Ionic and

Solubility Guidelines for Common Ionic Compounds in Water

Cl- Compounds of Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+

Br- Compounds of Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+

I- Compounds of Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+

Insoluble Ionic Compounds Important Exceptions

Net Ionic Equation: Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq)  AgCl(s)

Type of Compound Soluble Insoluble or slightly soluble {ss}

Common Strong Acids and Bases

H+(aq) + OH−(aq)  H2O(l)

(5) Na in NaCl (6) H in H2O (7) Ba in

(8) N in NO2- (9) S in Al2S3 (10) S in

(11) Cl in Fe(ClO2)3 (12) Fe in Fe(ClO2)3 (13) N in

(25) Ca2+ (26) C in CN- (27) H in OH-

Which substance is the reducing agent? Na

Which substance is the oxidizing agent? Cl

Which substance is the reducing agent? Mg

2. Given the reaction: CaCO3 + 2 HCl --> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Step 2: use stoich to find the mass of zinc.

Step 2: find the volume of HCl needed (Remember: M = )

4. What is the concentration of a solution made by mixing 100.0 mL of a 2.5 M NaOH

solution and 200.0 mL of a 0.25 M NaOH solution?

Step 1: know how much of the solid you need

What is the new volume of the 300.0 mL

What is the new volume of the 300.0 mL

 Reaction Involved: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

 Reaction Involved: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

 Reaction Involved: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Task 1: Prepare the following solutions

Write a procedure in order to prepare each of the solutions. Indicate the

(a) molecular : Sr(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3(aq)  2H2O(l) + Sr(NO3)2(aq)

5. [H+] = 0.11 M ; [NO3-] = 0.59 M ; [Ca2+] = 0.24 M

(b) The unknown alkali metal is rubidium (Rb)

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