Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Hidden Heparins: HIT Happens
Source and Credits
• This presentation is based on the December 2006
AHRQ WebM&M Spotlight Case
• See the full article at http://webmm.ahrq.gov
• CME credit is available through the Web site
– Commentary by: Patrick F. Fogarty, MD, University of
California, San Francisco
– Editor, AHRQ WebM&M: Robert Wachter, MD
– Spotlight Editor: Tracy Minichiello, MD
– Managing Editor: Erin Hartman, MS
2
Objectives
At the conclusion of this educational activity,
participants should be able to:
• Review presentation of heparininduced
thrombocytopenia (HIT)
• Discuss management of HIT
• Identify safeguards to avoid future exposure
to heparin in individuals with HIT
3
Case: Hidden Heparins
A patient with a history of endstage renal
disease requiring hemodialysis was admitted
for evaluation of nonhealing ulcers and
leukocytosis. She had been admitted one
month prior for evaluation of peripheral artery
disease. During that hospitalization, the
patient underwent angioplasty of the right
femoral artery, complicated by postoperative
gangrene of the right foot requiring above
theknee amputation.
4
Case: Hidden Heparins
She also developed axillary vein thrombosis,
and ultimately a diagnosis of heparininduced
thrombocytopenia (HIT) was made. She was
treated with argatroban, and it was noted on
the chart that the patient should receive no
further heparin.
5
HeparinInduced Thrombocytopenia
• HIT occurs when heparin molecules stimulate
formation of a pathogenic IgG antibody or
“HIT antibody” which results in:
– platelet activation thrombosis
– platelet clearance thrombocytopenia
• More frequent with unfractionated heparin
than low molecular weight heparin
6
HIT: 4 T’s Diagnosis
• Thrombocytopenia: platelet count drops to
<150 x 109/L or by ≥ 50% below baseline
• Timing: within 510 days of heparin exposure
• Thrombosis: up to half of patients will develop
venous or arterial thrombosis
• oTher: no other etiology for thrombocytopenia
7 Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. N Eng J Med. 2001;344:12861292.
Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. Am J Med. 1996;101:502507.
HIT: Diagnosis
• Laboratory diagnosis can confirm disease
• However, due to slow turnaround time, may
not be helpful in initial diagnosis
– HIT antibody ELISA
– Serotoninrelease assay
8
HIT: Treatment
• Discontinue of all forms of heparin
• Initiate an alternative anticoagulant—direct
thrombin inhibitor (DTI)
• Continue DTI until platelet count recovery has
occurred and adequate anticoagulation with a
coumarin derivative has been achieved
9
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
AGENT DESCRIPTION INDICATION DOSING COMMENT
Argatroban Synthetic Prophylaxis or Obtain baseline PTT. Start • Patients with hepatic
direct thrombin treatment of HIT, continuous infusion at 2 µ/kg/min. insufficiency: initial infusion
inhibitor including post Titrate to achieve PTT of 1.5 to 3 rate =0.5 µg/kg/min.
percutaneous times the baseline value. Do not • Increases the INR in
coronary allow PTT to exceed 100 seconds, warfarintreated patients;
intervention nor the infusion rate to exceed interpret INR accordingly
10 µg/kg/min.
Lepirudin Recombinant Treatment of HIT Obtain baseline PTT. Give slow • Patients with renal
(Refludan) hirudin; direct with associated bolus of 0.4 mg/kg then continuous insufficiency: initial bolus
thrombin thrombosis infusion of 0.15 mg/kg/hr. Titrate to =0.2mg/kg
inhibitor achieve PTT of 1.5 – 2.5 times • Half of patients develop
baseline value. PTTs should be antidrug antibodies that
obtained 4 hours after starting the increase halflife; may
infusion and at least daily during necessitate a decrease in
treatment dose
10
HIT: Duration of Treatment
• HIT associated with thrombosis—minimum of
36 months
• HIT without thrombosis—risk of thrombosis
persists for at least 30 days, with up to 50%
of patients developing venous or arterial
events; continue warfarin for 4 weeks
Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. Am J Med. 1996;101:502507.
11 Fogarty PF, Dunbar CE. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2005:256257.
Alving BM. Blood. 2003;101:3137. Epub 2002 Aug 15.
Case (cont.): Hidden Heparins
On this admission, the patient was found to
be tachycardic and hypotensive, with
excoriations of the skin over the breast,
abdomen, right thigh, and gluteal region.
Her labs were significant for leukocytosis of
17.1 x 109/L and hypoalbuminemia of 2.4
gm/dl. The patient was started on antibiotics
(amikacin and vancomycin). Blood cultures
eventually grew candida, and amphotericin
was added to her regimen.
12
Case (cont.): Hidden Heparins
She appeared to be improving with a
decrease in WBC to 10 x 109/L. Over the next
few days, however, she developed ischemia
in her right hand, which eventually became
cold and pulseless. It was also noted at this
time that her platelet count had dropped since
admission. On hospital day 8 the leukocyte
count increased again, her respiratory status
worsened, and she died, presumably from
overwhelming sepsis.
13
Analysis of the Case
• Patient may have had complications of
ongoing HIT when she was admitted
– Tachycardia and hypotension: PE
– Excoriations on skin: heparinrelated skin reaction
vs. warfarin induced skin necrosis
– Leukocytosis: due to inflammation from infarction
Warkentin TE. Marcel Dekker; 2004:53106.
14 Balestra B, et al. Eur J Haematol. 1994;53:6163.
Hartman AR, et al. J Vasc Surg. 1988;7:781784.
Heparin Related Skin Reaction in HIT
• Skin reaction
– 10%20% of patients with HIT will develop skin
lesions at injection site
– Painful erythematous plaques that may become
necrotic
15 Picture reprinted with permission from International
Journal of Dermatology. 2005;44:964966.
Case (cont.): Hidden Heparins
Autopsy revealed thrombi in the vessels of
skin of breast and abdomen. A thorough
review of the chart and hemodialysis records
revealed that during this second
hospitalization the patient had been
repeatedly exposed to heparin during dialysis
sessions, despite her recent history of HIT
and the chart notes to avoid heparin.
16
Reexposure to Heparin in Patients with HIT
• When measured by ELISA, the median
duration of HIT antibody positivity is 85 days
• If antibodies present at time of re-challenge
with heparin, patient can develop rapid-onset
HIT with thrombocytopenia and thrombosis as
soon as 24 hours after exposure
Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. N Eng J Med. 2001;344:12861292.
17 Warkentin TE. Marcel Dekker; 2004:53106.
Boshkov LK, et al. Br J Haematol. 1993;84:322328.
Reexposure to Heparin in Patients with HIT
• Not generally recommended but may be
considered in certain compelling clinical
situations (in need of bypass, vascular
surgery) with plan for brief exposure
• Delay until at least 100 days after diagnosis
of HIT (to allow antibodies to disappear)
• Document clearance of HIT antibody before
re-exposing to heparin
Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. N Eng J Med. 2001;344:12861292.
18 Warkentin TE. Marcel Dekker; 2004:53106.
Boshkov LK, et al. Br J Haematol. 1993;84:322328.
HIT Associated with Heparin
Exposure from Flushes
• Small quantities of heparin (IV flush) can lead
to HIT antibody formation or HIT itself
• Minor exposure via this route in patient with
persistently circulating HIT antibodies can
promote re-emergence or worsening of
thrombocytopenia or thrombosis
• In most institutions, heparin for flushes does
not require an order and is available on the
floor
19 See Notes for complete references.
Prevention of Reexposure to Heparin in
Patients with HIT
• Add heparin to patient’s allergy list and
update hospital electronic profile to provide
alerts
• Place “Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia:
No Heparin” placard above patient’s bed
• Use electronic alerts if heparin ordered in
heparin allergic patient
20
Example of Electronic Alert
Example of
electronic alert
upon attempting
to order
Heparin in a
patient with
Heparin allergy:
WORx
Software.
21
Prevention of Reexposure to Heparin in
Patients with HIT
• Consider switch to use of normal saline for
flushing IV catheters to prevent inadvertent
exposure from heparin not ordered through
pharmacy
– Meta-analysis shows no benefit of UFH vs. NS for
patency of peripheral or central catheters
• Heparin still used routinely for flushing
dialysis circuit
– HIT patients at risk not clearly labeled with heparin
allergy
22 Warkentin TE, et al. Blood. 1998;92(suppl 1):91b.
Randolph AG, et al. BMJ. 1998;316:969975.
TakeHome Points
• HIT can occur in any patient after exposure to
any amount of any type of heparin
• Clinical presentation of HIT can include
isolated thrombocytopenia, isolated arterial or
venous thrombosis or both
• Skin lesions in a thrombocytopenic patient
exposed to heparin should raise suspicion
for HIT
23
TakeHome Points
• All patients with a prior history of HIT should
have the medical and pharmacy record
permanently amended to indicate the
diagnosis
• Identify in-hospital use of heparin that
circumvents a provider’s order
• Consider institutional policies that can lower
the risk of heparin exposure by patients who
have HIT
24