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Evaporation
Low High
Hot
Cool Low Wet
Wet
ACI 305 High
Evaporation
ACI 308
ACI 301
Low High
ACI 306 ACI 305
ACI 301 Condensation Concrete Temperature
ACI 301
ACI WET?
Low
ACI 305
Dry-Weather
Evaporation
Concreting
ACI 308
ACI 301
Low High
ACI 306 ACI 305
ACI 301 Condensation Concrete Temperature
ACI 301
ACI 305
Dry-Weather
Evaporation
Concreting
ACI 308
ACI 301
Low High
ACI 306
ACI 301 Condensation
?Concrete Temperature
ACI 305
ACI 301
Job Site / Macro-Climate Interaction
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=weather+map&view=detail&id=2D16ED85D507D8F1C9DF0063A386924
73FE79938&first=301&FORM=IDFRIR&qpvt=weather+map
Concrete / Micro-Climate Interaction
Micro-Structure / Temp.-
Moisture Interaction
Begin with concrete temperature
Weather and Concrete: Sub-Microscopic Perspective
Concrete Temperature
Hydration
Concrete Temperature (C)
-10 0 10 20 30 40
4
Relative Hydration Rate
Compared to Lab Cure
Risk of Freezing
3
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
200 %
2
100 %
1
50 %
52 F 73 F 96 F
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80
Quality of Hydration
Rate of Hydration
Concrete Temperature
Hydration
Effect of Concrete
Temperature on Strength
5000
3000 20
1000
0 0
55 73 90 105 120
Curing Temperature ( F)
Weather influences concrete temperature
We generate
Rules,
Regulations,
and
Specifications
Low High
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
Concrete Temperature
Low High
Risk of Freezing
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
Concrete Temperature
Low Early Strength
28-day Optimum
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
Non-Std. Field Cure
Concrete Temperature
Spec. Min. Spec. Max.
StrengthTesting
Cylinder Testing
ASTM C31-Making Cylinders
10.1.2 Initial Curing— Immediately after
molding and finishing, the specimens shall be
stored for a period up to 48 h in a temperature
range from 60 and 80 °F [16 and 27 °C] and in an
environment preventing moisture loss from the
specimens. For concrete mixtures with a
specified strength of 6000 psi [40 MPa] or
greater, the initial curing temperature shall be
between 68 and 78 °F [20 and 26 °C].
NOT a
Curing Box
Curing Box
38
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Daily high
Average
Daily Low
US
Average
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Daily high
Certifiably Cold
Certifiably Cold
Average
per ACI
per ACI
Daily Low
US
Average
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Unprotected Cylinders
Too Hot
Daily high
Average
Daily Low
Daily high
Average
Daily Low
About 2 Weeks of
Acceptable US
Unprotectability / Year Average
Milwaukee
Phoenix
Honolulu
St. Louis, Missouri
Cylinders in Phoenix
Must be Protected All Year
San Diego, California
200 %
2
100 %
1
50 %
52 F 73 F 96 F
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
6 Sack Mix =
107,000 BTU / CY
How fast is this heat of hydration produced?
564 lb Cement / CY
640 Watts / CY
Cornell University, June 21, 2004 Kenneth C. Hover, P.E., Ph.D.
85F / 29C
100F / 38C
Cool or Cold Weather
Hydration
Cement and water paste
Hydration in water-filled
space
Continued Hydration
Continued Hydration
in water-filled space
Origin of Shrinkage
Initially Saturated
Beginning to Dry
Drying
Drying
Drying
Drying
Drying
Drying
Clay
Concrete
How soon until this concrete starts to dry?
Concrete Slab on Ground in dry air
1.) Bleed water appears on concrete surface
2.) Bleed water evaporates
3.) Drying of concrete surface
Bleed water
visible as a
surface
shininess or
“sheen.”
Note
reflections
on water-
covered
surface.
Some
bleed
water
visible
Surface
drying
will
start
soon!
2.0
Evaporativity
Evaporativity kg/m2/hr
1.5
1.0 PCA/NRMCA/ACI
NYSDOT
0.5 City of Cincinnati
VaDOT
Std. Moist Room
-2.0 Fog/Mist
Precipitation, mm/hr
-4.0
Soaker Hoses/Sprinklers
-6.0
-8.0
Precipitation Flood Slab after Final
-10.0 Setting
Bleed rate of High
Evaporation of bleed water Performance Mixes 0
Avg Annual
Minimum
Temperatures
6a -10 to -5 F
6b -5 to 0 F
7a 0 to 5 F
7b 5 to 10 F
8a 10 to 15 F
8b 15 to 20 F
9a 20 to 25 F
9b 25 to 30 F
7 Distinct Climate Zones within 400 miles of Milwaukee
http://www.city-data.com/city/Milwaukee-
Wisconsin.html
city-data.com
The Upper Midwest
Spring-Fall
Shrinkage Cracking
Convergence
(Milwaukee Data)
Combination of:
LOW Air Temp
Lowest Humidity
Highest Wind Speed
Mid-April
Late Oct. to Mid-Nov.
Recommended Practice
• Plan so as to avoid adverse exposure
• Pre-placement conference
• Modify the Micro-climate
• Monitor on site conditions
– Instrumentation
– Watch the bleed water
– Watch the people
• Be prepared for changes in the weather
Expect the Unexpected.
Evaporativity kg/m2/hr
Dry Dry
1.5
1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Precipitation, mm/hr
C -2.0
-4.0
-6.0
Low -8.0
Cool Hot
Wet -10.0 Wet
Milwaukee Weather Data
http://www.city-data.com/city/Milwaukee-
Wisconsin.html
city-data.com
Thank You!
End