MTR Protection System Overview

For DUAT Lines

Mr. Stephen Ho,
MM - PD IMD
Oct 2011

12/17/2018 Page 1
MTR 33kV Power Distribution System

Transformer, cable, switchgear, bus-bar,

rectifier all need protection devices.
MTR 1.5kV DC Traction Power Supply
DC Protection need to grade
with train service loading
MTR Protection in associate with Switchgear
MTR Power System Protection
Objectives :
• Discriminate and isolate the
faulty power system apparatus
• Minimise damage to equipment
• Reduce the extent of personnel injuries
• Prevent power supply interruption to
other healthy loads.
Protection Philosophy

• Reliability

• Selectivity

• Speed

• Sensitivity

• Simplicity
Development of Protection Relay

• Electro-mechanical

• Static

• Digital / Numerical
(Protection/ Control/
Metering)
Key System Parameters
For Protection Design
• Vector Group of Transformers (e.g. Yyd0, Dyn11)

• Earthing (solid earth), Transformer Tap (Max/ Min)

• Tx Impedance voltage : 5%, 1.5kVA

• Fault Level : 3-phase, 25kA at 33kV

20kA at 11kV
40kA at 415V
143kA peak at 1.5kV DC
Protection elements
• Current & Voltage transformers

• Auxiliary DC Power Supply

• Multi-cores and panel wirings

• Protection Relay /auxiliary / Trip / Timer Relay

• CB Trip Coil

• Local Indicators / Remote alarms

 Protection Scheme Used at MTR

Unit Protection – Clearly define protected zone

• Transformer Differential Prot.

• Pilot Wire Prot.
• Bus-zone protection
• LV Restricted earth fault Prot.
• Frame Leakage Protection
• Directional OC Prot

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 Protection Scheme Used at MTR

Non-Unit Protection – Not Clearly define protected zone

• Over-current & Earth Fault Prot.

• Directional Over-current & earth fault Prot.
• High set Over-current Prot.
• Standby earth fault Prot.

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33kV Power System Protection

• Cable Feeder : Pilot wire protection (Main)

IDMTL OC / Directional OC
(Back-up)

• Bus-bar : High Impedance Differential

Protection
 Unit Protection (Cable Feeder)

Relay Relay
Pilot Wire
Protection
CT CT

Substation A Substation B

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 Unit Protection (Cable Feeder)

33kV Cable
Fault

Substation A Substation B

Clear within 140ms

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Principle of Translay “S” Protection Relay (LAR and
TKL)

Typical static circulating current feeder unit protection circuit diagram

• Use summation transformers with a neutral section that is tapped, to provide
alternative earth fault sensitivities.
• Phase comparators tuned to the power frequency are used for measurement and a
restraint circuit gives a high level of stability for through faults and transient
charging currents.
• Internal faults give simultaneous tripping of relays at both ends of the line, providing
rapid fault clearance irrespective of whether the fault current is fed from both line
ends or from only one line end.

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 Directional Over Current Relay applied at MTR
Transformer side fault
33/11kV
R R
• When there have a fault at either
transformer side. Current will flow
into the fault side from health side.
Directional relay will detect the
reverse current to trip the CB to clear
the fault at a shorten time.
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Feeder side fault
Feeder
R
33kV/
11kV
• When there have a fault at the
transmission line . Current will flow
into the fault side from health bar.
Directional relay will detect the
reverse current to trip the CB to clear
the fault at a shorten time.
 Principles of Directional Relay

EHV side

• Detect the phase angle between current flow (Ia) and voltage (Vbc) whether it is
forward or reverse. If fault falls within the operating zone, trip signal will send out.

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 Directional relay outlook

Over current relay “MCGG52”

+

Directional relay “P127”

Directional relay with O/C “CDD”
(single phase only)
Applied in URL
with OC & EF
Applied in TKL and new
extensions
Directional relay “METI”
without over current elements
Applied in LAL METI

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 Unit Protection (Bus-bar)
Incomers

Feeders Feeders

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 Unit Protection (Bus-bar )
Incomers

Feeders Feeders

Fault at Zone-2
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 33kV Bus Zone Protection Principle
• Circulating current arrangement was applied.
• This scheme can protect both phase to phase and phase to earth fault.
• Operational principles:
If Ig is equal to -Ih, means that it is a through fault, relay will not operate.
If Ig + Ih = If = non-zero, means that the fault is in between protective zone
(Bus-bar), relay will send out trip signal.

Ig Ih

Phase and earth fault circulating current scheme using three-element relay

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Relay and Accessories of Bus-zone Protection

Tx LV winding

Metrosil

Connection Diagram

Shunt Resistor MFAC Relay

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 33kV Bus-zone Protection Relay at MTR system

Bus Zone Relay “FAC” used at URL Bus Zone Relay “MFAC” used at LAR & TKL

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 11kV Bus Bar Protection Principle

• Frame-Earth Leakage Protection

is used in 11kV bus-bar systems
in MTR.
• Current type relay is used to
detect the current flow.
• Both of Frame earth path and
transformer neutral return path
have detected current flow. Then,
trip signal will be sent out to all
CBs within the zone. Otherwise,
no signal given out.
• Only protect the phase to earth
fault.

Single zone frame earth protection

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 Relay used at 11kV bus-bar protection systems

URL - CAG Relay LAR - MCGG22 Relay LAR - MFAG Relay

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Power Transformer Protection (33kV AC)

• 33/11kV Dist Tx : Bias Differential Prot (Main)

LV Restricted E/F (Main)
Buchholz Surge Prot (Main)

Winding/ Oil Temp High Trip

(Back-up)
HV Over-current Prot (Back-up)
LV Standby EF Prot (Back-up)
Type of Distribution Transformer Protection
Fault Type Protection Used

Primary winding phase-phase fault Differential and Over Current

Primary winding phase-earth fault Differential and Over Current

Secondary winding phase-phase fault Differential

Secondary winding phase-earth fault Differential and Restricted Earth Fault

Inter-turn fault Differential and Buchholz

Over-heating Winding temperature

Tank fault Differential and Buchholz

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 Transformer Protection

Transformer

Substation A Substation B

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 Transformer Protection
Transformer

RE/F
Substation A Substation B

When the Tx. Star winding has a fault,

The R E/F relay will be operated to trip
the two breakers.

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 Theory of Transformer differential Protection

• It is a circulating current system, red arrow is indicated the direction of

secondary current flow.
• Normally, no current will flow into the relay except the fault in between both
current transformers.
• If there have a fault in between both CT, current will flow into to pick up the
relay as figure 2.
• In MTRC power systems, only Distribution Transformers is applied.

Fault Point

Figure 1. Normal operation current flow in between both CT Figure 2. Internal Fault in the transformer

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 Inrush current when start-up the transformer
• Magnetizing inrush current containing a higher harmonic component flows,
causing mal-operation of relay.
• Restraint second harmonic to avoid mal-operation by inrush current.
• Contents and current profile as below of inrush current.

Magnetizing Inrush Internal Fault

current
1st 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle
(Unsaturated
Cycle
CT)
DC 73.7 58 38.8 80.4
Fundamental 100 100 100 100

2nd Harmonic 14.2 16.4 19.9 5.2

3rd Harmonic 8.5 7.7 13.8 3.5
4th Harmonic 5.6 6.5 3.8 2.7
5th Harmonic 1.3 3.8 5.9 2.3

Typical Magnetizing inrush waveform Relative strength of Harmonics in Typical Magnetizing-Inrush and
Internal Fault Currents

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 Bias Restraint characteristic of Static Relay
MBCH
• In order to avoid unwanted operation due to spill current and yet maintain high
sensitivity for internal faults, when the difference current may be relatively small,
the variable percentage bias restraint characteristic as below.
• Normally, setting is set at 20% ~40% of rated current depending on max tap and
CT mismatch.

Percentage bias characteristics Actual Bias Characteristics

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 Numerical Differential Relay (P631)
• Phase shift compensation, ratio correction and zero sequence filter was applied
by software.
• Used star-connected line CT’s on all winding of transformers CT winding.
• Need no interposing CT. all winding connected directly.
• P631 was used at ADM, KBD and PAF.

P631 outline and test plugs

Connection diagram
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 Transformer LV Restricted Earth Fault

• It is a unit protection scheme with

circulating current system.
• The residual current of three line
current transformers is balanced
against the output of a current
transformer in the neutral conductor.
• A large percentage of the winding can
be covered when neutral is solidly
earthed.
• Providing high speed protection
against earth fault for the whole
transformer with relatively simple
equipment.
• It is applied at Distribution and
Service Transformers in MTR power
systems with high impedance type .

Restricted Earth Fault Connection

Diagram
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 Outlook of REF applied in MTR
• Starting from LAR, we used the high impedance relay to provide high speed
and stabe protection.
• In URL, low impedance type relay was used . The three phase current and
the neutral current become the bias inputs to a differential element.

Metrosil

CAG relay
Shunt Resistor FAG relay
High impedance relay and its components Current type (low impedance) relay

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 TYPICAL RECTIFIER SUBSTATION
CONFIGURATION
AC33kV

33kV / 2 x 586V

RECTIFIER

DC1500V

DOWN TRACK
OVERHEAD
LINE
UP TRACK

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33kV Rectifier Transformer Protection

• Rectifier Tx : High Set Over-current Prot (Main)

Rectifier Over-current Prot

(Back-up)

IDMT OC/ EF Prot (Back-up)

 Purpose of rectifier protection

• The Protection of a rectifier differs from that of conventional current maximum

application.
• A large number of rectifiers can withstand relatively long periods of over-
charge without incurring damage, generally 150% for 2 hours and 300% for 1
minute.

Connection Diagram

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 Rectifier Protection Characteristics
• Typical settings for the TMS area:
Light industrial service
TMS=0.025
Medium duty service TMS=0.1
Heavy duty traction TMS=0.8
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• The high set is typically set at 8
times rated current as this ensures
HV AC protection will discriminate
with fault from HV and LV sides.
Operating Curve for Rectifier Curve
 Types of Rectifier Protection Relays

Midos Relay (MCTD) Micom Relay (P122)

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11 kV Circuit / Transformer Protection

• Cable Feeder : IDMT OC/EF Prot (Main)

• Bus-bar : Frame Earth Leakage Prot

• 11kV/415V
Service Tx : IDMT/ Inst OCEF Prot (Main)
LV REF Prot (Main)
Buchholz surge Prot (Main)
Winding/ Oil Temp High Trip
(Back-up)
LV Circuit Protection (415V/ 660V )

• Cable Feeder/ Bus-section : IDMT OC/EF (Main)

• Bus-bar : LV Standby EF Prot.

 Over Current Relay application

• Normally, Earth Fault relay applied at chiller system, 3 phase with earth fault used at
LV board systems and 2 phase with earth is used at 11kv side with balance load
systems (e.g. service transformers).

Earth Fault CT Connection 3 phase with Earth Fault CT 2 phase with Earth Fault
Connection CT Connection

Earth Fault Relay (CDG) 3 ph & E/F Relay (Micom 121) 2 Ph & E/F Relay (MCGG52)
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 Others O/C Relay used in MTR system

Micom Relay (P122 URL new

Midos Relay (MCGG52 LAR used) relay alternative)

Micom relay P127 (Directional relay used at

Numerical Relay (KCEG used at TKL & DRL) KTT new 33kV board)

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 Discrimination by Time
• Breaker nearest to the fault opened first.
• Time interval between relay time setting must be long enough to
ensure that the upstream relay do not operate before the circuit
breaker.

Radial System with time discrimination

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Time Grading Principle for IDMT protection
Grading Formula :
Grading Margin –
= 0.1*(T1 + T2) +0.1 +0.06 + SM (sec)
T1 : Upstream Protection Operation Time
T2 : Downstream Protection Operation Time
SM : safety margin
Apply in Radial- Fed Circuits
Margin : Relay/ CT error + Overshoot time
+ CB Op. Time for Downstream
KCGG 142 got additional 40ms for its pick-up element

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 Numerical relays (For New Extension)

• What is Numerical Relay?

- Microprocessor to replace analog circuit used in static relays to
implement relay functions
• What is major difference between numerical relay and EM/static
relay?
- Numerical Relay operate on digital input, multi-characteristic
curve and has memory, which can reproduce fault incidences
for post-fault analysis.
• How about Data Processing and Trip Decision Making ?
- Microprocessor to implement protection algorithm and tripping
logic
- Minimum Operation Time 20~40ms.

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 Numerical Relay Architectures

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 Features of KCGG/ KCEG 142

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 Characteristic Curves of KCGG/ KCEG

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 Curves of KCGG/ KCEG 142

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 AREVA Micom P-series Numerical Relay

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 Protection feature of Micom P121

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 Protection feature of Micom P121

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 Fault Record of Micom Series Relay

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 Download Setting by use of Micom S1

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1.5kV DC Power System Protection

• Cable Feeder : DTL / Instant. OC (Main)

Direct acting OC (Main)
Rate of rise OC (Main)
IDMT OC (Back-up)
Under-volt (Back-up)
Thermal OL (Back-up)

• Bus-bar : Frame Earth Leakage Prot

 KBD & TWD - DC Switchgear Board

SEPCOS Relay DC Circuit Breaker

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 Basic Configuration Of Sepcos Relay

Power supply board Analog input board LED indication

A Stat
0
v
Output 1 2
I
2
3 4
OK i
0 d3/dt d4/dt

R H A J1

Io L J2
1 2 3
m MELCHER
The Power Partners
J3

J4

Fast
output

VIUC VPC 196 VMI 12 VMI 12 VMO 12 VMO 12

Slot 10 Slot 11 Slot 12 & 13 Slot 14 & 15

CPU Board Input board
Output board
(each board occupy
two slots

Software Basic Configuration Slot 10 and 11 Slot 12 to 15

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 DC Type Numerical Relay (Protection &Control)
• Control : Inter-trip send, CB
close/open, auto-reclose, anti-pumping
• Protection (feeder)
Ufeeder monitoring (Track Alive) Imax+ protection
 Imax- protection
DDL (I, T) positive protection Reverse current protection

(For incomer CB)
DDL (I, T) negative protection
x
Ufeeder min protection 
Thermal protection x

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 DC Inter-trip Arrangement
D/A, dI/dt, Imax+,
UV (URL)
UV, IDMT,
Thermal OL
(LAR/TKL)

Inter-trip Signal

1500V OHL

Running Rails

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 Question & Answer

End of Presentation
Thank You

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