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October 17, 1989—Soil Liquefaction in the East Bay During the Earthquake
When does it occurs
May be initiated by
Monotonic Loading
Cyclic loading
When does it Occurs
When the seismic waves pass through the soil, the vibrations
cause the individual grains in the soil to
move around and
re-adjust their positions
Liquefied soil, like water, cannot support the weight of whatever is lying
above it – be it the surface layers of dry soil or the concrete floors of
buildings.
The liquefied soil under that weight is forced into any cracks and crevasses
it can find, including those in the dry soil above, or the cracks between
concrete slabs.
It flows out onto the surface as boils, sand volcanoes and rivers of silt. In
some cases the liquefied soil flowing up a crack can erode and widen the
crack to a size big enough to accommodate a car.
How to Identify?
Historical Criteria
Geological Criteria
Compositional Criteria
Historical Criteria
Observations from earlier earthquakes provide a great deal of
information
Soils that have liquefied in the past can liquefy again in future
earthquakes.
If you are building a house and want to find out if your site is
susceptible to liquefaction, you could investigate previous
earthquakes to see if they caused liquefaction at your site.
Soils composed of particles that are all about the same size
are more susceptible to liquefaction than soils with a wide
range of particle sizes.
Cyclic Mobility
Overturning
Sand Boiling
Cyclic Mobility
Deformations due to cyclic mobility develop incrementally because of
static and dynamic stresses that exist during an earthquake.
Lateral spreading, a common result of cyclic mobility, can occur on gently
sloping and on flat ground close to rivers and lakes.
Overturning
Liquefaction can cause Overturning of large lateral loads on foundations.
Foundation must also be able to resist horizontal loads bending moments
induced and by lateral movements.
Liquefaction Damage: 1964 Niigata, Japan
Sand Boiling
A sand boil is sand and water that come out onto the ground surface
during an earthquake as a result of liquefaction at shallow depth.
The Damage of Port Structures (at Kushiro Port)
After the earthquake
After the earthquake shaking has ceased, and liquefaction effects have
diminished (which may take several hours), the permanent effects include:
Lowering of ground levels where liquefaction and soil ejection has
occurred. Ground lowering may be sufficient to make the surface close to
or below the water table, creating ponds.
Disruption of ground due to lateral spreading.
During And After Earthquake
Solution