Diurnal

variation in
body
temperatue
Pembagian indra pengecap
• papila filiformis
(fili=benang); berbentuk
seperti benang halus;
• papila sirkumvalata
(sirkum=bulat); berbentuk
bulat, tersusun seperti
huruf V di belakang lidah;
• papila fungiformis
(fungi=jamur); berbentuk
seperti jamur.
Smellig mechanism
• When split-brain patients are
shown an image only in the
left half of each eye's visual
field, they cannot vocally
name what they have seen.
Split brain
Split-brain is a lay term to
describe the result when
the corpus
callosum connecting the
two hemispheres of the
brain is severed to some
degree
Scapula alata
• Posterior communicating artery
• Anterior choroidal artery
• Anterior cerebral artery (a
terminal branch)
• Middle cerebral artery
• Ophthalmic artery
• Superior hypophyseal artery
• Caroticotympanic arteries
• Artery of pterygoid canal (vidian
artery)
Inferior extremty
innervation
Gluteus medius
• Insertion: Greater trochanter
of the femur
• Nerve: superior gluteal nerve
(L4, L5, S1 nerve )
• Origin: Gluteal surface
of ilium, under gluteus
• Antagonist: adductors
Serotonin metabolism
Cranial nerve
Tulang rawan
 N. glossopharyngeus [IX]
Components
• SVM: from nucleus ambiguus to m. stylopharygeus
• GVM: preganglionic from nucleus salivatorius inferior to ganglion
oticum, postganglionic to glandula parotidea
• SVS: from ganglion inferior, central processes to nucleus tractus
solitarii, peripheral processes to posterior 1/3 of tongue
• GVS: from mucosa of posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, palatine
tonsils, tuba auditiva & cavitas tympanica, sinus & glomus
caroticus, reach nucleus tractus solitarii
Course: exit thru foramen jugularе
Branches
• Rami linguales: taste buds and mucosa of posterior 1/3 of tongue
• Rami pharyngei: plexus pharyngeus, sensory and parasympathetic fibers
• N. tympanicus: GVM thru n. tympanicus & n. petrosus minor reach
ganglion oticum, postganglionic thru n. auriculotemporais (Ⅴ3) for
glandula parotidea
• Ramus sinus caroticus: for sinus & glomus caroticus
• Rami tonsillares & ramus m. stylophayngei
Ganglion oticum : below foramen ovale
• Methylcobalamin is
equivalent physiologically to
vitamin B12,[citation needed] and
can be used to prevent or
treat pathology arising from a
lack of vitamin B12 intake
(vitamin B12 deficiency).
• Methylcobalamin is also used
in the treatment of peripheral
neuropathy, diabetic
neuropathy, and as a
preliminary treatment
for amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis.[3]
 DIENCEPHALON

• The diencephalon of the

brain consists of
structures that are on
either side of the third
ventricle, and includes the
thalamus, the
hypothalamus, the
epithalamus and the
subthalamus
lobus frontalis, lobus
temporalis, lobus parietalis,
lobus occipitalis, lobus
centralis atau insula dan lobus
limbicus.
Pada permukaan lateral
terdapat 2 sulcus yang penting
dalam orientasi topografi
yaitu sulcus lateralis yang
memisahkan lobus frontalis
dengan lobus temporalis
dan sulcus centralis yang
terdapat pada tepi bagian atas
hemisfer.
 Area Broca terletak kira-kira pada area
Brodmann 44 dan kadang-kadang
juga mencakup 45
Afasia Broca menjadikan pasien tak mampu
membentuk kalimat kompleks dengan tata
bahasa yang benar. Pasien sendiri masih
memiliki kemampuan pemahaman bahasa yang
baik

Area Broca dan Wernicke dihubungkan dengan satu jalur

saraf yang disebut fasciculus arcuata

Bagian ini disebut juga bagian posterior dari area

Brodmann nomor 22

afasiayang akan mengganggu kemampuan

pemahaman berbahasa dan tetap dapat berbicara
dengan lancar tetapi yang dibicarakan susah
dimengerti.
Corneal epithelium: an exceedingly thin
multicellular epithelial tissue layer (non-keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium) of fast-growing and easily
regenerated cells,

Bowman's layer (also known as the anterior limiting

membrane)

Corneal stroma (also substantia propria):

Descemet's membrane (also posterior limiting

membrane):

Corneal endothelium: a simple squamous or

low cuboidal monolayer
 Many with albinism have low vision caused from low
pigment in the iris (visible, colored portion of the eye),
atypical development of the center of the retina (thin, light-
sensitive nerve issue lining the back of the eye) called
foveal hypoplasia, and abnormal nerve connections
between the eye and the brain called optic nerve
misrouting.

Furthermore, strabismus (misaligned

eyes), nystagmus (involuntary darting
of the eyes), and refractive errors
(nearsightedness, farsightedness, and
astigmatism) are common in
individuals with albinism
Lacrimal Glands
• The lacrymal glands are present
one on the outer upper border
of each eye. The lacrymal
secretion is watery, alkaline and
carries out the following
functions
• i) cleans the eyes
• ii) keeps the eyes moist
• iii) keeps the eyes free of bateria
as it contains bacteriolytic
lysozymeiv) provides nutrition
to the cornea.