AUTOANALYZER

Purpose of Autoanalyzers
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An auto analyzer sequentially measures blood

chemistry through a series of steps of

 mixing,
 reagent reaction and

 colorimetric measurements.

and display that on a graphic recorder.

 Block diagram
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 A continuous/segmented
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flow analyzer
 consists of different modules including

 Mixing or Proportioning Pump &Modifier

 Sampler
 Colorimeter
 Heating bath
 Dialyzer
 Graphic Recorder
 Principle of operation
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 A stream of material is divided by air bubbles into discrete segments in

which chemical reactions occur.
 An essential principle of the system is the introduction of air bubbles.

 The air bubbles segment each sample into discrete packets and act as a
barrier between packets to prevent cross contamination as they travel
down the length of the tubing
 The continuous stream of liquid samples and reagents are combined and
transported in tubing and mixing coils.
 The tubing passes the samples from one apparatus to the other  each
apparatus performs different function, such as distillation, dialysis,
extraction, …, and subsequent
 Principle of operation
6

 In Segmented Flow Analyzers (SFA), the sample is

mixed with small reproducible volumes of the required
reagents
air bubbles are introduced into the flow, creating
about 20 - 100 segments of liquid for each sample

 The sample / reagent mixture flows through mixing coils

(heated coils)  a color proportional to the amount of
analyte in each sample is developed

 The samples with developed color flow through a

colorimeter to measure the color
 It consists of
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 Sampler:
 Aspirates samples, standards, wash solutions into the
system
 Samples are feeded in to the analyzer by using the
sampler. Up to 128 samples can be placed in the
sampler. Sampler contains the holes in which the sample
tubes can be placed.
 Sampler
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AUTOANALYZER:
 Mixing
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11

 Proportioning pump:
 Mixes samples with the reagents so that proper
chemical color reactions can take place, which are then
read by the colorimeter
 Dialyzer:
 The purpose of a dialyzer is to separate the analyte
from interfering substances such as protein, whose large
molecules do not go through the dialysis membrane but
go to a separate waste stream
 The analyte infuses through the diaphragm into a
separate flow path going on to further analysis
 It consists of
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 Heating bath:
 Controls temperature (typically at 37 °C), as temp is critical
in color development
 Colorimeter:
 Monitors the changes in optical density of the fluid stream
flowing through a tubular flow cell. Color intensities
proportional to the substance concentrations are converted
to equivalent electrical voltages (Pulses,square wave signal)
 Recorder:
 Displays the output information in a graphical form.
 Autoanalyzer
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Printer colorimeter Proportioning pump Sampler

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 Calibration and adjustment
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Mechanical
 Tubing

 Moving pump parts

Electrical
 Switches

 Motors

Electronic failures are rare

 Another autoanalyzer “HORIBA”
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 Reading the sample
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 Calibration curve
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Blood flow meter

 Blood Flow
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• Blood flow helps to understand basic physiological processes

and e.g. the dissolution of a medicine into the body.

• Blood flow and changes in blood volume, are usually

correlated with concentration of nutrients and other
substance in the blood.

• Also, Blood Flow measurement reflects the concentration of

O2.
 Cont. Blood Flow

Normal blood flow velocity 0,5 m/s 1 m/s (Systolic, large vessel)
Blood flowmeter
 Types of blood flowmeter
i. Electromagnetic blood flowmeter
ii. Ultrasonic blood flowmeter
 transit time Ultrasonic blood flowmeter
 Doppler type Ultrasonic blood flowmeter
 Doppler blood flowmeter using continuous wave
 Pulsed Doppler blood flowmeter
 Laser based Doppler blood flowmeter
iii Radiographic method
iv Indicator dilution method
 Open circulation method
 Closed circulation method
Electromagnetic blood flowmeter
:
Electromagnetic blood flowmeter
Block diagram of Electromagnetic blood flowmeter
Transit time Ultrasonic blood flowmeter
Doppler type Ultrasonic blood flowmeter

 Doppler effect refers to the apparent change in

frequency of sound wave emitted by the source,
when there is a relative motion between the source
and observer.

 Due to motion of blood there is a change in

frequency of reflected ultrasonic wave when it
crossing the blood.
Doppler blood flowmeter using continuous wave
Laser based doppler blood flow
meter
Pulsed Doppler blood flow meter
 Radiographic Method
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 Contrast medium – iodated organic compound is

injected in to the blood

Elsarnagawy, MASH 210. 311

Open circulation method
Closed circulation method
CARDIAC OUTPUT
 Quantity of blood delivered by the heart to aorta per minute.

 Major determinant of oxygen delivery to the tissues.

 Normal adult: cardiac output is 4-6 liters/min.

Cardiac output measurement
1. Fick’s method
2. Indicator dilution method
3. Thermo dilution method
4. Cardiac output measurement by mpedance
change method
FICK’S METHOD
 By continuously infusing oxygen into the blood or removing it
from the blood.

 And measuring the amount of the oxygen in the blood before

and after its passage.
Fick’s method
INDICATOR DILUTION METHOD
 Its principle states that, a known amount of dye or
radioisotope is used as an indicator in the blood
circulation and then measures the concentration of
the indicator with respect to time.
 Two methods for introducing indicator
 Injected as a constant rate
 Injected as a bolus.
THERM0 DILUTION METHOD
 Thermal indicator is introduced into the right atrium
or left atrium.
 10 millilitiers of 5% dextrose in water at room
tempreature is injected as the thermal indicatorinto
the right atrium
 Produce a temperature change in pulmonary artery
 Cardiac output= “a constant”x (blood temp-
injectate temp)/ area under dilution curve
 A multi-lumen thermistor cathetor known as Swan-
Ganz triple lumen balloon catheter.
Thermo dilution method
 Cardiac output measurement by
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impedance change method
 The cardiac output can be determined by electronically by the
impedance method.
 Four electrodes are placed surrounding the thorax.
 Electrodes pair 1 and 4 are used as current electrodes.
 Electrodes pair 2 and 3 are used to pick up the voltage across
the thorax.

Elsarnagawy, MASH 210. 311

Cardiac output measurement by
impedance change method