PROPERTIES OF

PAPER
 Physical Properties
• Basis Weight or Grammage
• Bulk
• Caliper or Thickness
• Curl
• Dimensional Stability
• Friction
• Machine and Cross Direction
• Moisture
• Smoothness
• Temperature and Humidity: Conditioning of Paper
• Wire side and Felt side
 Basis Weight or Grammage
• Basis weight of paper is the weight per unit area
• This can be expressed as the weight in grams per
square meter (GSM or g/M2), pounds per 1000 sq. ft.
or weight in Kgs or pounds per ream (500 sheets) of
a specific size.
• The basis weight is what determines, how much area
the buyer gets for a given weight. e.g. if basis weight
is 50 g/m2, for every 1 kg weight, the buyer gets 20
m 2.
• When the basis weight is expressed as ream weight,
it tells the buyers how many reams he/she getting for
a given weight.
• All paper machines are designed to manufacture
paper in a given basis weight range. Tighter the
range and more efficient will be the machine.
• The standard procedure of measuring basis weight is
• Typical Grammage Values
Grade g/m2
• Newsprint 40 - 50
• Cigarette Tissue 22 - 25
• Bond 60 -90
• Paperboard 120 - 300
• Accepted trade tolerance +/- 5%
 Bulk
• Bulk is another very important parameter of
paper particularly for printers.
• Bulk is a term used to indicate volume or
thickness in relation to weight.
• It is the reciprocal of density (weight per unit
volume).
• It is calculated from caliper and basis weight.
• Bulk (cubic centimeter/g) = Thickness (mm)*
Basis Weight (g/m2) * 1000.
• Decrease in bulk or in other words increase in
density makes the sheet smoother, glossier,
less opaque, darker, lower in strength etc.
• High bulk is desirable in absorbent papers
while lower bulk is preferred for printing
papers particularly bible paper, dictionary
paper etc.
• Book Bulk: Book bulk is defined as the
overall thickness in mm of a given number of
paper sheets.
• The bulking number is defined as number of
sheets required to bulk 25 mm or
approximately 1".
• The standard procedure of measuring book
bulk is laid out in TAPPI T 500, SCAN P7
DIN53105, ISO 534, BS: EN ISO20534
Typical Thickness Values

Grade μm

Newsprint 60 - 80

Office/Business Paper 105 - 110

Blotting Paper (230g/m2) 540 - 590

Tracing Paper (90g/m2) 78

Label Paper (79g/m2) 63

Tissue(28g/m2) 125

Accepted trade tolerance +/- 10%

 Caliper or Thickness
• For a given basis weight, thickness
determines how bulky or dense paper is.
• A well beaten/refined pulp, short fiber pulp
such as hard wood or straw pulp, highly filled
or loaded paper will show lower thickness for
given basis weight.
• Thickness or Caliper of paper is measured
with a micrometer as the perpendicular
distance between two circular, plane, parallel
surfaces under a pressure of 1 kg./ CM2.
• Uniform caliper is for good roll building and
subsequent printing.
• Variations in caliper, can affect several basic
properties including strength, optical and roll
quality. Thickness is important in filling cards,
printing papers, condenser paper, saturating
papers etc.
• The standard procedure for thickness
measurement is explained in TAPPI T 411.
 Curl

• Paper curl can be defined as a systematic

deviation of a sheet from a flat form.
• It results from the release of stresses that are
introduced into the sheet during manufacture
and subsequent use.
• Paper curl has been a persistent quality issue
and is increasingly important for paper grades
being subjected to high speed printing,
xerography and high precision converting
processes.
 Three Basic types
• Mechanical curl - when one side of the paper is
stretched beyond its elastic limits. One example of
this is the curl in the sheet which forms near the
centre of a roll.
• Structural curl - two-sidedness in the sheet, that is a
difference in the level of fines, fillers, fiber area
density or fiber orientation through the sheet
thickness.
• Moisture curl - when the paper sheet is being offset
printed. One side of the sheet may pick up more
moisture than the other, the higher moisture side
releases the built in drying strains and the paper will
curl towards the drier.
• The standard procedure for curl measurement are
explained in TAPPI T 466 & T520
 Dimensional Stability
• Cellulose fibers (main constituent of paper)
swell in diameter from 15 to 20% from dry
condition to saturation point.
• Most of the fiber in paper sheet are aligned
in the machine run direction, absorption and
de-absorption of moisture by paper causes
the change in CD dimension.
• Such changes in dimension may seriously
affect register in printing processes and
interfere with the use of such items as
tabulating cards.
• Uneven dimensional changes cause
undesirable cockling and curling.
• Change that occurs in the dimensions of
paper with variation in the moisture content is
an important consideration in the use of
paper.
• All papers expand with increased moisture
content and contract with decreased moisture
content, but the rate and extent of changes
vary with different papers.
• Dimensional stability of paper can be
improved by avoiding fiber to absorb
moisture. Well sized papers have better
dimensional stability.
• Typical Values
Grade MD (%) CD (%)
• Carbonless Paper 0.050-0.150 0.200-
0.400
• Bond Paper 0.100-0.200 0.200-0.400
• Coated Art Paper
(under 200 g/m2) 0.090-0.150 0.150-
0.350
• Gasket Paper 0.400-1.000 0.500-
1.100
 Friction
• Friction is the resisting force that occurs
between two paper or paperboard
surfaces in contact when the surfaces are
brought to slide against each other.
• This property is measured as a coefficient
of friction, which is the ratio of the frictional
force, to a force acting perpendicular to
the two surfaces.
 Two components of Friction
• Static friction is the force resisting initial
motion between the surfaces
• kinetic friction is the force resisting motion
of the two surfaces sliding against each
other when already sliding at a constant
speed.
• Measurement of the coefficient of friction has
applications in packaging where a high
coefficient will indicate that containers such
as sacks, bags and paperboard containers
will resist sliding in unit loads or on packaging
lines.
• Important in printing papers, since a specific
coefficient of friction is needed so that
individual sheets will slide over each other,
otherwise double press feeding may result.
• There are two methods of measuring Co-
efficient of friction of paper. One, which uses
Incline Plane is explained in TAPPI T 548 &
T815, the second method, which uses
Horizontal Plane is explained in TAPPI T 549
& T816.
• Typical Co-efficient of Friction Values Using
Horizontal Plane Method

Grade Static Friction KineticFriction

• Office/Business
Paper 0.50-0.65 0.35-0.5
• Silk Coated Paper 0.45-0.55 0.30-0.45
• Gloss Coated Paper 0.40-0.50 0.30-0.40
 Machine and Cross
Direction
• In paper machine approach flow system,
when stock passes through pressure screen,
the fibers are oriented lengthwise.
• If the stock velocity from headbox slice is
equal or less than wire speed, fibers which
are already oriented lengthwise, will align in
the direction of wire run.
• Fiber alignment can be altered to some
extent if stock velocity is less than wire
speed.
• So all papers have a definite grain direction
due to greater orientation of fibers in the
direction of paper machine run.
• This grain direction is known as machine
direction.
• The cross direction is the direction of paper
at right angles to the machine direction.
• Some of the properties vary with the MD and
CD and hence the values are reported in both
the directions.
• The sheet which have all relevant properties
same or almost same in both direction are
known as 'square sheet'.
• While sheeting the paper, machine and cross
direction are to be kept in mind and the sheet
cutting to be done to suit the end use
requirements.
1. All printing papers are to be cut in long grain
(The biggest dimension in the grain direction).
2. Book papers fold better and the book stays
open better if the sheets are out so that the
machine direction runs up and down the
pages.
3. Wrap around labels for metal cans and
bottles are to be cut with the machine
direction vertical to obtain greater flexibility
about the can.
• Long grain and Short grain : The sheet is in
long grain if the larger dimension is parallel to
grain (MD) direction. The sheet is said to be
in short grain if the larger dimension is
parallel to cross direction (CD).
• There is no sure way to determine the MD or
CD of a sheet but one crude method which
work is; cut a strip of about 1" wide and 2"
long paper and moist it.
• Put this moist sheet on a smooth surface or
hand.
• As sheet will dry it will curl.
• The direction of curl is CD as paper contract
in CD more than MD while drying.
 Moisture
• All grade of paper has some percentage of
moisture.
• Moisture in paper varies from 2 - 12%
depending on relative humidity, type of pulp
used, degree of refining and chemical used.
• Most physical properties of paper undergo
change as a result of variations in moisture
content.
• Water has the effect of plasticizing the
cellulose fiber and of relaxing and weakening
the inter-fiber bonding.
• The electrical resistance and the dielectric
constant of paper both vary with moisture
content.
• The absorption and reflectance of certain
bands of infrared and microwave radiation by
paper are affected by its moisture content.
• The amount of water present in a sheet of
paper is usually expressed as a percent.
• The amount of water plays an important role
in calendaring, printing and converting
process.
• The absolute moisture content is expressed
as a % of the paper/paperboard weight.
• The sample is generally not conditioned while
doing this test.
• The standard procedures are laid out in
TAPPI T 412 and ISO 287, SCAN P4
• Typical Moisture Values
Grade %
• Newsprint 7.5 - 9.5
• Office/Business Paper 4 -4.5
• Marketing Wood Pulp 10
• Printing Paper 6 -7
• Tissue 2-7
• Accepted trade tolerance +/- 10%
 Smoothness

• Smoothness is concerned with the surface

contour of paper.
• It is the flatness of the surface under testing
conditions which considers roughness,
levelness, and compressibility.
• It is common to say that paper has a
"smooth" or a "rough" texture.
• The terms "finish" and "pattern" are frequently
used in describing the contour or appearance
of paper surfaces.
• Smoothness is important for writing, where it
affects the ease of travel of the pen over the
paper surface.
• Finish is important in bag paper as it is related to
the tendency of the bag to slide when stacked.
• Smoothness of the paper will often determine
whether or not it can be successfully printed.
• Smoothness also gives eye appeal as a rough
paper is unattractive.
• Smoothness (Bekk Method): This test is an
indirect measure of paper smoothness when
it is under moderate pressure( 100 kPa). The
standards test procedure is described in
TAPPI T 479.
• Roughness (Sheffield Method): This test is
an indirect measure of paper smoothness or
roughness.
• It is a measurement of air flow between the
specimen (backed by flat glass on the bottom
side) and two pressurized, concentric annular
lands that are impressed in to the sample
from top. The standards test procedure is
described in TAPPI T 538.
• Roughness (Print-surf Method): Very
similar to Sheffield methods. The standards
test procedure is described in TAPPI T 555.
• Typical Smoothness Values
Grade Parker Print Bendtsen
Surf (μm) mls/min)
• Newsprint
(40 - 49g/m2) 2.6-4.5 80-140
• Stationary
(45-135g/m2) 0.8-2.6 50-300
• Business Papers
(80g/m2) 100-300
• Test Liner
(186 g/m2) 1750
 Temperature and Humidity:
Conditioning of Paper

• It is important to control the moisture content

of paper and keep it stable during converting
operation.
• To keep moisture content constant, it is
important that paper is conditioned.
• In addition to the effect of moisture content on
physical properties, it also determines the
build up of static of the paper sheet subjected
to pressure and to friction.
• The tendency for paper to develop static
becomes greater with increasing dryness.
• Cellulose fibers are hygroscopic i.e. they are
capable of absorbing water from the surrounding
atmosphere.
• The amount of absorbed water depends on the
humidity and the temperature of the air in
contact with the paper.
• Hence, changes in temperature and humidity,
even slight changes, can often affect the test
results.
• So, it is necessary to maintain standard
conditions of humidity and temperature for
conditioning.
 Wire side and Felt side
• The side which is in contact with the paper
machine wire during manufacturing is called
the wire side.
• The other side is top side.
• Before a thin layer of fibers deposit on
machine wire, fines and fillers drain out hence
wire side has less fines and fillers compared
to top side.
• properties such as smoothness, texture and
ink absorbency differ between wire and felt
side and it is customary to measure these
properties on both sides.
• This difference of properties on two sides of
paper is known as two-sidedness.
• Highly filled or loaded or paper made from
short fiber pulp will show higher two-
sidedness.
• In case of paper to be printed on one side
only, best results are obtained by printing on
felt side.
• Postage stamps are printed on wire side and
then gummed on felt side, where the
smoothness is helpful for attaining an even
application.
• Wire side and top side described above are in
reference to single ply paper.
• In case of multi-ply paper/board, every ply will
have wire side and top side.
• The top side of top most layer will be top side
and wire side of bottom most layer is wire
side of multi-ply board.
• Different type of fibers, fillers and chemicals
are used in different layers for techno-
economical reasons.
• The standards procedure is described in
TAPPI T 455