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BROADCAST ENGINEERING &

ACOUSTICS
Broadcasting
• It originally referred to a planting method in which a
farmer scatters or broadcasts seeds over a wide
area of prepared land
During the earliest days of commercial radio,
several engineers in the Midwestern United States
decided that the concept of broadcasting fit their
own concept of radio transmissions. In the same
way that farmers broadcast seeds over a large
field, radio transmitters broadcast their signals
over a large area of reception.
SO BROADCASTING IS……

An undertaking the object of which is to transmit audio;


video, text images or other signals or messages for
reception of a broad audience
INTRODUCTION

- At the turn of the 20th century, international conferences


were convened to discuss problems in radio
communications.
- The primary reason is to minimize mutual interferences
among the number of stations.
- The use of radio in communications, or broadcasting, eventually
compelled governments of nations to take over the regulation of
radio in their respective nations in response to the people’s
needs.
- Thus controlling agencies, organized by government, took
avowed task of:
• formulating rules,
• regulations and ;
• technical standards which are mostly so designed for the benefit
of the listening public.
REGULATING BODIES
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

- The ITU is an agency of the United Nations (UN) whose


purpose is to coordinate telecommunication operations and
services throughout the world.
- Originally founded in 1865
- the ITU is the oldest existing international organization.
- ITU headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
WHAT IS UNITED NATION?
- The United Nations Organization is an international organization
founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries
committed to:
• maintaining international peace and security,
• developing friendly relations among nations and;
• promoting social progress, better living standards and human
rights.
THREE (3) SECTORS OF ITU
• Radio communication (ITU-R) -- ensures optimal, fair and rational
use of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum
• Telecommunication Standardization ( ITU-T)-- formulates
recommendations for standardizing telecommunication operations
worldwide
• Telecommunication Development (ITU-D) -- assists countries in
developing and maintaining internal communication operations
The ITU sets and publishes regulations and standards relevant to electronic communication
and broadcasting technologies of all kinds including:
•radio
•Television
• satellite
•telephone and;
• Internet
•The organization conducts working parties, study groups and meetings to address current
and future issues and to resolve disputes. The ITU organizes and holds an exhibition and
forum known as the Global TELECOM every four years.
Another important aspect of the ITU's mandate is helping
emerging countries to establish and develop telecommunication
systems of their own. Although the recommendations of the ITU
are non-binding, most countries adhere to them in the interest of
maintaining an effective international electronic communication
environment.
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMISSION (FCC)
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency
of the United States government, created by Congressional statute to regulate
interstate communications by:
• radio
• television
•wire
•Satellite and;
• cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories.
The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of
1. Broadband
2. Competition
3. spectrum
4. media
5. public safety and;
6. homeland security and modernizing itself. [4]
What is the regulating body in the
Philippines?
NATIONAL TELECOMMUNCIATIONS COMMISSION (NTC)

What is NTC?
Primarily, the NTC is the sole body that exercises jurisdiction
over the supervision, adjudication and control over all
telecommunications services throughout the country.
• Jurisdiction (noun)- the official power to make legal
decisions and judgments; authority; power
• Adjudication (noun)- the action or process of adjudicating;
judgment; decision
For the effective enforcement of this responsibility, it adopts
and promulgates such guidelines, rules, and regulations
relative to the establishment operation and maintenance of
various telecommunications facilities and services
nationwide.
Although independent insofar as its regulatory and quasi-
judicial functions are concerned, the NTC remains under
the administrative supervision of the Department of
Transportation and Communications now DICT as an
attached agency. However, with respect to its quasi-
judicial functions, NTC's decisions are appealable only and
directly to the Supreme Court of the Philippines.
KAPISANAN NG MGA BRODKASTER NG PILIPINAS
(KBP)
The Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP;
English: Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines) is a
broadcast media organization[1] in the Philippines which
provides its members broadcasting standards. The KBP
was organized on April 27, 1973[2] in order to promote
professional and ethical standards in Philippine
broadcasting both in radio and television
The KBP provides broadcast media regulations [3] and guidelines
for:

•news, public affairs and commentaries


• political broadcasts
•children’s shows
• religious programming, and
• including advertising to its members.
MEMBERS OF KBP [4
1. the owners and;
2. operators of radio and television stations.
BROADCAST CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES [5
It is a set of standards for performance and ethics which are
followed by radio and television stations who are members of the
KBP. The code[6] is composed of 3 parts
BROADCAST CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES [5
The code is composed of 3 parts:
Part 1- includes the 33 articles of which the standards for
programming are illustrated.
Part 2- pertains to the implementing rules and regulations of the
KBP while
Part 3- illustrates the penalties if a violation has been committed.
The 33 articles of part 1 cover all broadcast mediums (radio and television) that are members
of KBP.
• They mainly tackle how programs such as news and publics affairs programs remain just,
fair and unbiased of point of views or opinions.
•The code also states that news sources must be clearly identified, except when the sources
meet a confidentiality condition.
•The code also states how corrections should be done when a broadcast entity has come
out with un-factual information.
•The code also gives standards to all types of programming and how it should be monitored
when showing contents whose materials have with sexual content and violence.
•The KBP advocates the 18-minute advertising per hour rule for Philippine TV stations, the
18-minute rule[8][9] was strictly implemented to prevent ads cluttering the TV programs.
• Broadcast stations in the Philippines
• As of December 2008, the Philippines has a total of 297 [13] television
broadcast stations from 173 [14] in 1998. Currently there are also 659 FM
stations and 383 AM stations this comprises regional subsidiaries and
smaller entities in provinces which was based from the total National
Telecommunications Commission (NTC) licenses distributed. Cable
television (CATV) remains to be outside of the KBP’s broadcast code
but the programs are still reviewed by the Movie and Television Review
and Classification Board of the Philippines (MTRCB).
INTRODUCTION TO MEDIUM FREQUENCY
(MF) BROADCAST STANDARDS
IN THE FORMULATION OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR
DOMESTIC BROADCASTING, THE MORE IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATIONS MUST INCLUDE:
1. The prevention of harmful signal interferences;
2. the provision for better signal quality, so that the listener
may enjoy a clear and more realistic sound reproduction, and
3. the proper utilization of the broadcast spectrum
DEFINITION OF TERMS
MEDIUM FREQUENCY BROADCAST STATION

• An AM broadcast station licensed for aural or sound


transmissions intended for direct reception by the
general public and operated on a channel in the
medium frequency band.
MEDIUM FREQUENCY BROADCAST BAND

The band of frequencies from 526.5 to 1705 kHz.


MEDIUM FREQUENCY BROADCAST CHANNEL
• the band of frequencies occupied by the carrier and the
two(2) sidebands of an AM Broadcast signal with the
carrier frequency at the center. Channels shall be
designated by the assigned carrier frequencies starting
from 531 kHz in increments of 9 kHz.
CARRIER WAVE

A sinusoidal voltage or current generated in a


transmitter and subsequently modulated by a modulating
wave.
• Carrier Frequency
The frequency of the carrier wave.
• Operating frequency
The carrier frequency at any particular time.
• Authorized frequency
The carrier frequency authorized by Authority.
• Operating Power
Operating power is the transmitter output power.
• Maximum rated carrier power
It is the maximum power at which the transmitter can be
operated satisfactorily and is determined by the design
of the transmitter.
• Authorized Operating Power
It is the power authorized by the Authority.
• Input Power
It is the product of the voltage and current at the output of
the last radio stage, measured without modulation.
• Antenna input power
It is the product of the square of the antenna current and
the antenna resistance at the point where the current.
• Antenna current
It is the radio-frequency current in the antenna with no modulation.
• Antenna resistance
It means the total resistance of the transmitting antenna system at
the operating frequency and at the point at which the antenna
current is measured.
• Modulator stage
It means the last audio amplifier stage of the modulating wave
which modulates a radio-frequency stage
• Daytime
It refers to that period of time between 2200 Universal Time
Coordinates (UTC) to 1000 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC)
(6:00 AM-6:00 PM local standard)
• Nighttime
It refers to that period of time between 1000 Universal Time Coordinates
(UTC) to 2200 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) (6:00 PM-6:00 AM local
standard)
• Experimental Period
It means that time between 12 midnight to 5:00 AM local standard time (1600-
2100 Universal Time Coordinates) (UTC). This period may be used for
experimental purposes in testing and maintaining apparatus by the licensee of
any medium frequency broadcast station on its assigned frequency and with
its authorized power, provided no interference is caused to other stations
maintaining a regular operating schedule within such period.
• Service Areas
The term “ primary service area” of a broadcast station means the
area in which the groundwave field of 1mV/m (60dBu) is not
subject to objectionable interference or objectionable fading.

Objectionable- it means “unpleasant” or “undesirable”


The term “ secondary service area” of a broadcast station means the
area served by the skywave and not subject to objectionable
interference. The signal is subject to intermittent variations in intensity.

The term “intermittent service area” of a broadcast station means the


area receiving service from groundwave but beyond the primary service
area and subject to some interference and fading.

Intermittent - occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady


• Audio frequency (af) signal-to-interference ratio
Is the ratio (expressed in dB) between the values of the voltage of the
wanted signal and the voltage of the interference, measured under
specified conditions, at the audio-frequency output of the receiver.
• Audio-frequency Protection Ratio
Is the agreed minimum value of the audio-frequency signal-to-
interference ratio considered necessary to achieve a subjectively
defined reception quality.
• Attended Transmitter
Attended transmitter means a transmitter where a qualified technician is in
attendance during all periods of its operation.
• Authority
The National Telecommunications Commission.
• Licensee
The holder of a license for a broadcasting station issued by the authority.
• Qualified Technician
A person who is a holder of a radio operator’s license or its equivalent, as
required by these regulations, issued by the authority.
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
• TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
1. General Technical Requirements
2. Detailed Technical Requirements
1. General Technical Requirements
Equipment shall be constructed according to good engineering
practice, such as
a. mechanical soundness
b. neatness of wiring and;
c. accessibility for maintenance.
Adequate testing and monitoring points shall be provided to permit
the isolation and testing of individual items of the equipment.
1.1. Adequacy of components
The quality of all component parts shall be in accordance with good
engineering practice. Where appropriate, the specifications of these
components shall comply with standards set by the Authority, or, in the
absence of such standards, the components shall comply with CCIR.
1.2. Compliance with Electrical Wiring Rules
All equipment using electrical power shall comply with the rules of the
Philippine Electronics Code and the Philippine Electrical Code.
1.3. Regulation of supply voltage
Adequate voltage regulation shall be provided, where necessary, to ensure
that equipment performance is not affected by variations in supply voltage.
1.4. Protection
• Protection of Persons
Having regard for the high voltage employed in transmitting apparatus,
adequate provision shall be made in the constructions of all equipment
and in the protective enclosure.
Warning signs and safety switches shall be provided, in accordance with
good engineering practice, to ensure, as far as practicable, the safety of
all persons.
• It shall be the responsibility of the management or the licensee
operating a broadcasting station, to ensure that protective devices are
installed and appropriate safety rules are observed.
• Protection of equipment
Equipment shall be protected, in accordance with good
engineering practice, against unsafe conditions and
damage that may that may otherwise result under faulty
conditions.
DETAILED TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
DETAILED TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
1. Consideration of Antenna System
- location of antenna site
- antenna design
- a single vertical tower….(w/ discussion)
- antenna lead-in, and counterpoise
- the antenna rf current meters
CONSIDERATION OF THE ANTENNA SYSTEM
The chief purpose of the medium-wave radio broadcasting
antenna is to radiate efficiently the energy supplied by the
transmitter, more so, towards the sky. It is usually the vertical
tower radiator that meets this requirements successfully over
most other models because of its superior groundwave
propagation characteristics and simplicity of the antenna design.
The antenna being the take-off point of radio waves, is the last
element of the system under the control of the radio
broadcasting station. Radio waves radiated from the
transmitting antenna are propagated through space to the
receiving antenna.
The only control over these propagated waves is in the
a. Selection of the antenna site
b. The polarization and;
c. The strength of the signal leaving the transmitting antenna.
Further consideration must be given to directional antenna
systems which concentrates the amount of radiation in the
direction(s) where it is wanted and restricts the radiation in
the direction(s) where it is not wanted.
Since both the intensity and the direction of all
electromagnetic transmissions are regulated by the
Authority for all classes of stations, due consideration must
also be given to:
Location of Antenna Site
• The main considerations in the selection of an antenna
site are:
a. Location in relation to the population to be served and to
other communication installations and airports;
b. Conductivity of the soil at and immediately adjacent to
the site
c. Conductivity of the path between the site and the target
area
Before the approval is given for any site, the Authority shall refer to
existing local and national regulations governing antenna construction.
Restriction may be imposed on the height and location of masts in
certain areas and obstruction painting and/or lighting may be necessary.
Except in the area now officially designated as an antenna farm, masts
or towers less than 150 feet from the ground in height may be erected
and are exempted from this provision.
150 feet from the ground are normally required to put up the standard
obstruction lighting and painting.
Antenna design
• The transmitting antenna system shall be vertically polarized
and shall radiate an effective field of not less than that of a 60
degree vertical radiator
• For economic reasons, a single vertical tower radiator as
mentioned above may be employed to serve as a common
antenna ( multiple frequency antenna) for two or more
stations.
ANTENNA FARM
ARRESTER
OBSTRUCTION LIGHT
OBSTRUCTION LIGHT
OBSTRUCTION LIGHT
The antenna, antenna lead-in, and counterpoise ( if used),
shall be installed so as not to present a hazard. The antenna
may be located close by or at a distance from the transmitter
building. A properly designed and terminated transmission
line should be used between the transmitter antenna and the
antenna.
COUNTERPOISE
GROUNDING
TRANSMITTER BUILDING AND
ANTENNA&TOWER
The antenna radio frequency current meters (both regular and
remote or any other radio frequency instrument which is
necessary for the operator to read) shall be so installed
permanently as to be easily and accurately read without the
operator having to risk contact with circuits carrying high
potential radio frequency energy.
It is not necessary to protect the equipment in the antenna
tuning house and the base of the antenna with screens and
interlocks, provided, the door to the tuning house and antenna
base are fenced and locked at all times, to ensure that no
unauthorized person can gain access; thus, providing maximum
safety to lives.
Ungrounded fencing, either directly or through proper static
leaks.
Lightning protection for the antenna system must be installed.
THANK YOU!!!!

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