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HAZARDOUS WASTE
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah
berbahaya
• Chemical methods Technologies
Coagulation, flocculation, combined with flotation and
filtration, precipitation, ion exchange, electroflotation,
electrokinetic coagulation.
Motode kimia
koagulasi, flokulasi, kombinasi antara flotasi dan filtrasi,
pengendapan, pertukaran ion, elektroflotasi, koagulasi
elektrokinetik
• Physical methods
Membrane-filtration processes (nanofiltration, reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis, . . .) and adsorption techniques.
Metode fisik
Proses Membran-filtrasi (nano filtrasi, reverse osmosis,
elesktrodialisis
• Biological treatments
Biodegradation methods such as fungal decolorization,
microbial degradation, adsorption by (living or dead)
microbial biomass and bioremediation systems
Advantages and disadvantages
Chemical methods
Advantages :
• Rapid and efficient process
• Removes all pollutants types, produce a high-
quality treated effluent
• No loss of sorbent on regeneration and effective
Disadvantages :
• Expensive, and although the pollutants are
removed, accumulation of concentrated sludge
creates a disposal problem
• High energy cost, chemicals required.
Keuntungan :
Prosesnya cepat dan efisien
Menghapus semua jenis polutan, menghasilkan
efluen yang berkualitas tinggi
Tidak ada kehilangan sorben pada regenerasi
dan efektif
Kekurangan:
Mahal, dan meskipun polutan dihilangkan,
akumulasi lumpur pekat menciptakan masalah
pembuangan
Biaya energi tinggi, dibutuhkan bahan kimia
Advantages and disadvantages
Physical methods
Advantages :
• The most effective adsorbent, great, capacity,
produce a high-quality treated effluent
• No sludge production, little or no consumption
of chemicals.
Disadvantages :
• Economically unfeasible, formation of by-
products, technical constraints
• Metode fisik
• Keuntungan :
• Kapasitas adsorben yang paling efektif,
hebat, menghasilkan efluen yang berkualitas
tinggi
• Tidak ada produksi lumpur, sedikit atau
tidak ada konsumsi bahan kimia.
Kekurangan: Secara ekonomi tidak
memenuhi, pembentukan produk
sampingan, kendala teknis
Advantages and disadvantages
Biological treatments
Advantages :
• Economically attractive, publicly acceptable
treatment
Disadvantages :
• Slow process, necessary to create an optimal
favorable environment, maintenance and
nutrition requirements
Perawatan biologis
Keuntungan : Perawatan yang menarik dan
dapat diterima secara ekonomi secara ekonomi
Kekurangan: Proses yang lambat, diperlukan
untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang optimal,
kebutuhan pemeliharaan dan gizi yang optimal
COAGULATION
• Definition
Destabilisation of colloid particles by the
addition of chemicals (coagulant)
• Applications
Industrial waste containing colloidal and
suspended solids (e.g. pulp and paper,
textile)
Definisi
Destabilisasi partikel koloid dengan
penambahan bahan kimia (koagulan)
Aplikasi
Limbah industri yang mengandung padatan
koloid dan padatan tersuspensi (misalnya pulp
dan kertas, tekstil)
Coagulant type
Alum
Magnesium chloride
Polyacrylamide
Moringa oleifera
Chitosan
Coagulant - Reaction
• Some of the coagulants used include:
· Aluminium sulphate
· Ferric chloride
· Ferric sulphate
· Lime (not true coagulant)
· Polymer as coagulant aid eg cationic, anionic, non-
ionic.
· PAC – new types
ABs A+ + B-
Eg.
A+ + B- Solubility
Compound (mg/L) Ksp
CaCO3 18 5 x 10-9
CaCl 745000 159 x 106
ABs
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Basic Principles)
A. Add chemical
precipitants to
waste stream
B. Mix thoroughly
C. Allow solid
precipitates to
form floc by
slow mixing
D. Allow floc to
settle in clarifier
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Types of Precipitation)
Phosphorus removal
• Phosphate precipitation (PO42-)
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Hydroxide Precipitation)
• Add lime (CaO) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to
waste stream to precipitate heavy metals in the
form of metal hydroxides.
Change in concentration
Change in time
Chemistry Notation
Time A B
(min) mol/L mol/L
0.0 1.000 0.000
3.0 0.400 0.600
6.0 0.250 0.750
We could measure the rate of the reaction either by measuring how
the concentration of reactant A changes or how the concentration of
product B changes. Let's measure A's average rate of change first:
Compare this rate to the rate of just the first three minutes of the
reaction:
REDOX
Oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen transfer
Definitions
Oxidation is gain of oxygen.
Reduction is loss of oxygen.
CH3CH2OH CH3CHO
Oxidation by loses of hydrogen
Another definition
Oxidation and reduction in terms of electron
transfer
• This is easily the most important use of the
terms oxidation and reduction at A' level.
Definitions
• Oxidation is loss of electrons.
• Reduction is gain of electrons.
OIL RIG oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
CuO + Mg Cu + MgO
Cu2+ + Mg Cu + Mg2+
OXIDATION STATES (OXIDATION
NUMBERS)
• Definition
Ion exchange is basically a reversible chemical process
wherein an ion from solution is exchanged for a
similarly charged ion attached to an immobile solid
particle.
Removal of undesirable anions and cations from
solution through the use of ion exchange resin
• Applications
– Water softening
– Removal of non-metal inorganic
– Removal or recovery of metal
ION EXCHANGE
(Medium - resin)
• Consists of an organic or
inorganic network structure
with attached functional group
• Synthetic resin made by the
polymerisation of organic
compounds into a porous three
dimensional structure
• Exchange capacity is
determined by the number of
functional groups per unit mass
of resin
ION EXCHANGE
(Type of Resin)
(a) (b)
ION EXCHANGE
(Exchange Reactions)
• Cation exchange on the sodium cycle:
Cation Anion
Resin Resin
Cr3+, CN-
ION EXCHANGE
(Selectivity)
• Cations:
Ra2+ > Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Ni2+ > Cu2+ > Co2+ > Zn2+ > Mn2+ > Ag+
>Cs+ > K+ > NH4+ > Na+ > Li+
• Anions:
HCRO4- > CrO42- > ClO4- > SeO42- > SO42- > NO3- > Br- > HPO4- >
HAsO4- > SeO32- > CO32- > CN- > NO2- > Cl- > H2PO4-, H2AsO4-,
HCO3- > OH- > CH3COO- > F-
Note: The least preferred has the shortest retention time, and
appears first in the effluent and vice versa for the most
preferred.
Ion exchange-electrochemistry
• During redox reactions, electrons pass from one substance to
another. Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals
with the conversion between chemical and electrical energy.
• The fact that different substances are oxidized more readily
than others is the driving force behind electrochemical cells,
and it is this force that forces electrons through the external
circuit from the anode (site of oxidation) to the cathode (site of
reduction). This force is known as the potential difference or
electromotive force (emf or E). Potential difference is
measured in volts (V), and thus is also referred to as the
voltage of the cell. Voltage is a measure of the tendency of
electrons to flow. The higher the voltage, the greater the
tendency for electrons to flow from the anode to the cathode.
• For example, if copper and hydrogen half-cells are joined
together we find that the copper half-cell will gain electrons
from the hydrogen half-cell. Thus the copper half-cell is
given a positive voltage and given a relative value of +0.34
V:
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) E° = 0.34 V
• Since both half-reactions cannot undergo reduction, we
must reverse the equation of the reaction that will undergo
oxidation. This will give us an electrochemical cell voltage
of 0.34 V:
E°
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) 0.34 V
H2 (g) → 2H+(aq) + 2e- 0.00 V
Cu2+(aq) + H2 (g) → 2H+(aq) + Cu(s) 0.34 V
• We see in the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials that zinc
has a negative E° indicating that it is not as good at
competing for electrons as hydrogen.
Zn2+(aq) + 2e- → Zn(s) E° = -0.76 V
• Therefore if zinc and hydrogen are paired together in an
electrochemical cell, the hydrogen would be reduced (gain
the electrons) and zinc would be oxidized (losing electrons).
To determine the net redox reaction as well as the voltage of
the electrochemical cell we reverse the zinc equation, and
also reverse it's sign before adding the equations and E°
together:
E°
Zn(s) → Znu2+(aq) + 2e- 0.76 V
2H+(aq) + 2e- → H2 (g) 0.00 V
Zn(s)+ 2H+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + H2 (g) 0.76 V