INTRODUCTION

 Fluid containing nanometer sized particles.

 Engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a
base fluid like ethylene glycol.
 Nanoparticles made of metals,oxides,carbides or
carbon nanotubes.
 Why Use Nanoparticles
 Remain suspended much longer than µparticles & can
be improved by use of surfactants.
 Surface area per unit volume is much larger compared
to µparticles.
 Excellent thermal conductivity of suspensions.

1 kg of particles of 1mm³ has

the same surface area as 1mg of
particles of 1nm³
 Preparation Methods
Two step method:-
 Nanomaterials are first produced as dry powders by
chemical or physical methods.
 Powder then dispersed in fluid by intensive magnetic
force agitation,ultrasonic agitation,high-shear
agitation,homogenizing etc.
 Most economical and most widely used method.
One step method:-
 Simultaneous making and dispersing the
nanoparticles in fluid.
 Agglomeration of particles is minimized.
 Stability of fluids increased.

Other novel methods include using a

continuous-flow microfluidic microreactor,Phase
transfer method and Chemical solution method.
 Challenges Faced
Two step method:-
 Tendency to aggregate due to high surface area and
surface activity.
 Use of surfactants at high temperatures to increase
stability is the main concern.
One step method:-
 Cannot synthesize nanofluids in large scale.
 Expensive.
Commonly used Nanoparticles and
Base Fluids
Nanoparticles
 Oxide ceramics like
Al2O3,CuO.
 Metal Carbides like SiC.
 Nitrides like AlN,SiN.
 Metals like Al,Cu.
 Non-metals like
graphite,carbon nanotubes.
 Layers of Al+Al2O3 and
Cu+C.
Base Fluids
 Water.
 Ethylene or tri-ethylene
glycol.
 Oil and other lubricants.
 Bio-fluids.
 Polymer solutions.
 Other common solutions.
Stability Evaluation Methods:-
 Sedimentation and Centrifugation.
 Zeta Potential Analysis.
 Spectral Absorbency Analysis.

Ways to Enhance Stability:-

 Use of surfactants.
 Surface Modification techniques. Types of colloidal
stabilisation
 Stability mechanisms of nanofluids.
 Thermal Conductivity
Parameters on which thermal conductivity of nanofluids
depend:-
 Particle volume concentration.
 Particle materials.
 Particle size.
 Particle shape.
 Base fluid material.
 Temperature.
 Additive.
 Acidity.
 Applications
 Heat transfer intensification. (MgO,TiO2,ZnO,Al2O3
nanoparticles in ethylene glycol)
 Electronic applications.(cooling of components)
 Transportation.(high fuel economy of vehicles)
 Industrial cooling applications.(energy savings and
emission reductions)
 Heating buildings and reducing pollution.
 Nuclear systems cooling.
 Solar absorption,friction reduction,magnetic
sealing,antibacterial activity,nanodrug
delivery,intensify microreactors and many others.
 Future Work
 Further experimental and research work required to
find major factors influencing performance of
nanofluids.
 Increase in viscosity due to increase in associated
pumping power .
 Shape of additives become important.
 Stability of nano fluids.
 Thermal performance of nano fluids at elevated
temperatures.
Photo Gallery
Optic microscopy
of nanomagnetic
composite

Optic microscopy
of reinforced
nanomagnetic
composite
Micrographs of carbo nanotube samples

Snapshot of atomic
position of carbon
nanotubes in liquid
octane
 Viscosity measuring pumping
power apparatus using nanofluids

Images of prepared mesoporous

silica nanoparticles with specified
outer diameters
 References
 Wikepedia
 Research papers like:-
“Review & assessment of nanofluid technology” by
W.Yu, S.U.S Choi and J.L.Routbort.
“Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of
nanofluids” by P.Kleblinski, S.R.Phillpot.
“A micro-convection model for thermal conductivity
of nanofluids” by Hrishikesh.E.Patel, T.Sundararajan
Thank
You