INTERNAL

FORCE CONVECTION
Prepared by
Nurhaslina
FKK, UITM
 FLOW CONDITIONS FOR INTERNAL FLOW

• For an internal flow, it must be concerned with the existence of

entrance and fully developed regions.

• Consider laminar flow in a circular tube, fluid enters the tube with a
uniform velocity

• When the fluid makes contact with the tube surface, viscous effects
become important. Boundary layer develops with increasing x
• Boundary layer development occurs at the expense of a shrinking
flow region and concludes with boundary layer merger at the
centerline

• The distance from the entrance at which this condition is achieved is

hydrodynamic entry length, xfd , h

• The fully developed velocity profile is parabolic for laminar flow in a

circular tube. For turbulent flow, the profile is flatter.
• The Reynolds number for flow in a circular tube is defined as
ρumD umD um = mean velocity
Re D = = D = tube diameter
μ ν
• In a fully developed flow, the critical Reynolds number is:
* Laminar ≤ 2300
ReD , C ≈ 2300 * Critical = 2300
* Turbulent 2300 ≤ ReD ≤ 10,000

• Hydrodynamic entry length:

– Laminar flow: x fd ,h / D  0.05 Re D
Fully developed
– Turbulent flow: 10 ≤ xfd , h ≤ 60 turbulent flow:
D
x fd ,h / D  10
• Mean velocity, um
m = mass flowrate
m  um Ac ρ = fluid density 4m
Re D =
m um = mean velocity πDμ
um  Ac = cross-sectional area of tube
Ac Ac = πD2/4
 VELOCITY PROFILE IN A PIPE
• For laminar flow, constant property fluid in the fully developed
region of a circular tube (pipe):

1  dp   r
2
u( r )    ro2 1    
4  dx    ro  
 

ro2 dp m
um   um 
8 dx Ac

u( r )  r
2
 2 1    
um   ro  
 

The maximum velocity is at r = 0, the centerline where u(0) = 2 um

 Pressure Gradient and Friction Factor in Fully
Development Flow
• Friction factor, f :
f = - (dp/dx)D
ρum2/2
• Friction coefficient, Cf :
Cf = τs = f
ρum2/2 4
• For fully develop laminar flow :
f = 64
ReD
• Pressure gradient :
dp = - 64 ρum2
dx ReD 2D
• For fully developed turbulent flow
f = 0.316 ReD-1/4 ReD ≤ 2 x 104
f = 0.184 ReD-1/5 ReD ≥ 2 x 104
f = (0.790 ln ReD – 1.64)-2 3000 ≤ ReD ≤ 5 x 106

• Pressure drop, ΔP for fully developed flow

ΔP = - ∫P1P2 dp = f ρum2 ∫x1x2 dx = f ρum2 (x2 – x1)
2D 2D L

Power, P = (ΔP ) V , V = m/ρ

Moody Diagram
 THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS

• If a fluid enters the tube at a uniform temp. that is less than the
surface temp. , convection heat transfer occurs and thermal
boundary layer develop.
• If the tube surface condition is fixed (Ts is constant) or a uniform
heat flux (qs” is constant), a thermally fully developed condition is
reached.
• Thermal entry length: We can write Newton’s Law of cooling
inside a tube by considering a mean
– Laminar flow: xfd , t = 0.05 ReDPr temp. Tm instead of T∞

D q"x  h(TS  Tm )
– Turbulent flow: 10 ≤ xfd , t ≤ 60
D
 The Energy Balance

Considering perfect gas, or incompressible liquid:

dqconv  m
 c p dTm Ts > Tm, heat is transferred to the
fluid and Tm increases with x
By integrating:
qconv  m
 c p (Tm,o  Tm,i ) Ts < Tm, heat is transferred from
the fluid and Tm decreases with x

 qconv is related to mean temperatures at inlet and outlet.

Combining equations:
dTm qs" P P where P = surface perimeter
  h(Ts  Tm ) = pD for circular tube,
dx m c p m c p = width for flat plate
Constant Surface Heat Flux

qconv  qs" A  qs" ( P  L)

qs"  const
Integrating equation:

qs" P
Tm ( x)  Tm,i  x
m c p
where P = surface perimeter
 pD for circular tube,
= width for flat plate
Constant Surface Temperature (Ts= constant)
dTm d (T ) P
  hT Ts-Tm=T
dx dx m c p
Integrating from x to any downstream location:
Ts  Tm ( x)  Px 
 exp   h
Ts  Tm,i  m c p 
 
For the entire length of the tube:

Ts  Tm,o To  PL 
  exp   h
Ts  Tm,i Ti  m c p 
 
To  Ti
qconv  h As Tlm Tlm 
ln( To / Ti )
As is the tube surface area, As = PL = pDL
 Uniform External Temperature

 For heat transfer between fluid flowing over a tube and fluid passing through
the tube, replace Ts by T and h by U
To T  Tm,o  U As 
  exp    q = U As ΔTlm
Ti T  Tm,i  
 m c p 
ΔTlm
ΔTo T∞ Tm ,o 1
q=
= = exp - Rtot
ΔTi T∞ Tm ,i  c p Rtot
m
 Summary (8.1-8.3)
• We discussed fully developed flow conditions for cases involving
internal flows, and we defined mean velocities and temperatures
• We wrote Newton’s law of cooling using the mean temperature,
instead of T "
q  h(TS  Tm )
• Based on an overall energy balance, we obtained an alternative
expression to calculate convection heat transfer as a function of mean
temperatures at inlet and outlet.
qconv  m
 c p (Tm,o  Tm,i )

• We obtained relations to express the variation of Tm with length, for

cases involving constant heat flux and constant wall temperature

qs" P Ts  Tm,o To  PL 

Tm ( x)  Tm,i  x   exp   h
m c p Ts  Tm,i Ti  m c p 
 
 Summary (8.1-8.3)
• We used these definitions, to obtain appropriate versions of Newton’s
law of cooling, for internal flows, for cases involving constant wall
temperature and constant surrounding fluid temperature

qconv  h As Tlm q  U As Tlm

To  Ti
Tlm 
ln( To / Ti )
• We can combine equations (8.13-8.16) with (8.9) to obtain values of
the heat transfer coefficient (see solution of Example 8.3)
 In the rest of the chapter we will focus on obtaining values of the heat
transfer coefficient h, needed to solve the above equations
 Heat Transfer Correlations for Internal Flow

Knowledge of heat transfer coefficient is needed for calculations

shown in previous slides.
 Correlations exist for various problems involving internal flow,
including laminar and turbulent flow in circular and non-circular
tubes and in annular flow.
 For laminar flow we can derive h dependence theoretically
 For turbulent flow we use empirical correlations
 Recall from Chapters 6 and 7 general functional dependence

Nu  f (Re, Pr)
 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
1. Fully Developed Region

• For cases involving uniform heat flux:

hD
NuD   4.36 qs"  const
k

• For cases involving constant surface temperature:

NuD  3.66 Ts  const

 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
2. Entry Region: Velocity and Temperature are functions of x

For constant surface temperature condition:

• Thermal Entry Length case
0.0668 ( D / L) Re D Pr
Nu D  3.66 
1  0.04[( D / L) Re D Pr] 2 / 3

• Combined Entry Length case (Temperature and velocity profiles develop

simultaneously)

0.14 Ts  const
 
1/ 3
 Re Pr  0.48  Pr  16,700
Nu D  1.86 D   
 L/ D   s  0.0044 

 9.75
s
All properties, except s evaluated at average value of mean temperature
Tm,i  Tm,o
Tm 
2
 Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes
• For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions the Dittus –
Boelter equation may be used for small to moderate temperature
differences Ts-Tm:
0.7  Pr  160 n=0.4 for heating (Ts>Tm)
NuD  0.023Re4D/ 5 Prn Re D  10,000 and 0.3 for cooling (Ts<Tm)
L / D  10

• For large property variations, Sieder and Tate equation:

0.14 0.7  Pr  16,700

1/ 3   
NuD  0.027 Re D Pr 
4/5
 Re D  10,000
 s  L / D  10

All properties, except s evaluated at average value of mean temperature

 Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes
For large Reynolds number range, Gnielinski correlation:

( f / 8)(Re D  1000 ) Pr 0.5  Pr  2000

NuD 
1  12.7( f / 8)1 / 2 (Pr 2 / 3  1) 3000  Re D  5  10 6

Friction factors may be obtained from Moody diagram etc.

For fully developed turbulent flow in smooth circular tubes with constant
surface heat flux, Skupinski correlation:

0.827
3.6 × 10 3 ≤ Re D ≤ 9.05 × 10 5
Nu D = 4.82 + 0.0185Pe D q"s = cons tan t
10 2 ≤ Pe D ≤ 10 4

For fully developed turbulent flow in smooth circular tubes with constant
surface heat temperature, Seban and Shimazaki correlation:
0.8
NuD = 5.0 + 0.025PeD q"s = cons tant PeD ≥ 100
Example 1 (Velocity Profile & Pressure Gradient)
Fully developed conditions are known to exists for water
following through a 25 mm diameter tube at 0.01 kg/s and 27°c.
what is the maximum velocity of the water in the tube? What is
the pressure gradient associated with the flow?

Example 2 (Moody Diagram & Pressure Drop)

What is the pressure drop associated with water at 27°c
following with a mean velocity of 0.2 m/s through a 600 m
long cast iron pipe of 0.15 m inside diameter?

Example 3 (Thermal and Velocity Entry Length)

Determine the thermal and velocity entry lengths for oil, water
and mercury flowing through a 25 mm diameter tube with a mean
velocity and temperature of um = 5 mm/s and Tm = 27°C,
respectively.
Example 4 - (Constant Surface Temperature &
Laminar Flow in Circular Tube
Engine oil at a rate of 0.02 kg/s flows through a 3 mm diameter tube
30 m long. The oil has an inlet temperature of 60°C, while the tube wall
temperature is maintained at 100°C by steam condensing on its outer
surface. Estimate the average heat transfer coefficient for internal flow
of the oil and determine the outlet temperature of the oil.

Example 6 - Problem 8.55 (Uniform External

Temperature & Turbulent Flow in Circular Tube

Example 7 - Problem 8.56 (Constant Surface

Temperature & Turbulent Flow in Circular Tube