SET THEORY

Basic Concept of Sets

Venn Diagram
Set Operations and Applications
A SET IS A WELL DEFINED COLLECTION OF DISTINCT OBJECTS.
AN ELEMENT, OR MEMBER, OF A SET IS ANY ONE OF THE
DISTINCT OBJECTS THAT MAKE UP THAT SET.
Two Methods in Writing a Set

Roster/Tabular Method
– method of writing a set where elements are
enumerated and separated by commas.
A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
B = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}

C = {Dinalupihan, Hermosa, Orani, Samal,Abucay}

Rule/Textual Method
– the narrative /descriptive form of writing a set.
A={xx is a counting number from 1 to 9}
B={xx is a rainbow color}
C={xx is a town on the First District of Bataan}
Kinds of Sets

1.Universal Set (U)

ex. English Alphabet U = {a,b,c,d,e…..w,x,y,z}
2.Empty Set ({ } , )
ex. A={a,b,c,d} B = {1,2,3,4,5}
Set of common elements between A and B={ } or 
3.Finite Set
ex. Set of English Alphabet
4.Infinite Set
ex. Set of Whole Numbers
Kinds of Sets
5.Equivalent Sets()
ex. A={1,3,5,7,9} B = {2,4,6,8,10}
5 elements 5 elements
A  B or B  A
6.Equal Sets(=)
ex. C={a,b,c,d,e} D = {a,b,c,d,e}
C = D or D = C
7.Joint Sets
ex. E={4,5,6,7,8} F = {3,4,5,6,7}
E and F are Joint Sets
8.Disjoint Sets
ex. A={1,3,5,7,9} B = {2,4,6,8,10}
A and B are Disjoint Sets
9.Subsets() or ()
_
ex. G={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} H = {2,3,4,5,6}
HG ≠GH
Kinds of Sets
1.Universal Set (U)
-is the totality of elements under consideration.
2.Empty Set ({ } , )
-set with no element.
3.Finite Set
-set with countable elements.
4.Infinite Set
-set with uncountable elements.
5.Equivalent Sets()
-two sets with the same number of elements.
6.Equal Sets(=)
-two sets with exactly the same elements.
7.Joint Sets
-two sets with common elements.
8.Disjoint Sets
-two sets without common elements.
9.Subsets() or ()_
-portion of a larger set.
 Operations on Sets

1.Union of Sets () – combination of elements of the given

sets.
A={1,2,3,4,5,6} B={2,4,6,8,10}

A  B= {1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10}

2.Intersection of Sets () – common elements of the given sets.

A={1,2,3,4,5,6} B={2,4,6,8,10} C={1,3,5,7,9}

A  B= {2,4,6} A  C= {1,3,5}

B  C= { }
 Operations on Sets
3.Complement of a Set ( c )( ’ )
– elements found on the universal set but not on the given set.
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A = {2,3,4,5,6} B = {1,2,3,5,6,7,9,10}
A’ or Ac = {1,7,8,9,10} B’ or Bc = {4,8}
4.Difference of two Sets ( / )( – )
– elements found on the first set but not on the second set.
A={1,2,3,4,5,6} B={2,4,6,8,10} C={1,3,5,7,9}
A / B= {1,3,5} A – C= {2,4,6}

B/A= {8,10} C – A={7,9}

 Examples on Operations on Sets
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A = {2,3,4,5,6} B = {1,3,5,7,9} C = {2,4,6,8,10}
C
1) (A  B)C = (3,5)
= {1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10}
2) (A  B)  (A  C) =
(3,5)  (2,4,6)
= {2,3,4,5,6}
3) (A – C)  CC =
(3,5)  (1,3,5,7,9)
={1,3,5,,7,9}
 VENN DIAGRAM
1.Union of Sets ()
 VENN DIAGRAM
2.Intersection of Sets ()
 VENN DIAGRAM
3.Complement of a Set ( ’ )or ( c )
 VENN DIAGRAM
4.Difference of a Set ( / )or ( – )
 Application:
In a survey involving 150 different factories, it was
found out that:
 70 purchased brand A;

 75 purchased brand B;

 95 purchased brand C;

 30 purchased brands A and B;

 45 purchased brands A and C;

 40 purchased brands B and C;

 10 purchased brands A, B and C.

How many of them purchased:
1.Brand A?
2.Brand B only?
3.Brand C?
4.Brands A and B?
5.Brands A and B but not C?
6.Brand A or C?
7.Brand A or C but not B?
8.exactly 2 brands?
9.at most 2 brands?
10.at least 2 brands?
11.all?
12.How many of them did not purchased any?
 In an excursion at Pagsanjan Falls, 80 students
brought sandwiches, drinks and cans as follows:
50 students brought sandwiches
30 students brought drinks
30 students brought cans
18 students brought cans and drinks
15 students brought sandwiches and cans
8 students brought sandwiches and drinks
5 students brought sandwiches, drinks and cans.
 How many students brought:
 1. Sandwiches?
 2. Cans?
 3. Sandwiches only?
 4. At least 2 items?
 5. exactly 2 items?
 6. Sandwiches and Cans?
 7. Drinks and Cans but not Sandwiches?
 8. exactly 1 item only?
 9. Cans or Sandwiches?
 10. Cans or Sandwiches but not Drinks?
 11. Sandwiches and Cans but not Drinks?
 12. at most 3 items.
 13. all items?
 14. Cans and Drinks?
 15.how many did not bring any?