Hydraulic Modification

by
Chetan C Patil (R17PCV03)

Guide-Dr P Shivananda

1
 What is Hydraulic Modification?

• Free pore water is forced out of soil via drains or wells.

• Course grained soils; it is achieved by lowering the ground

water level through pumping from boreholes, or trenches.

• In fine grained soils the long term application of external

loads (preloading) or electrical forces(electro
metic stabilization)

2
 Techniques Involed..

Techniques involved in hydraulic modification are:

• Sand drains
• Dewatering by electro-osmosis
• Well point drainage
 Preloading and Vertical Drains

Preloading

• Increases the bearing capacity

• Reduces the compressibility of weak ground

Achieved by placing temporary surcharge on the ground.

Surcharge will be generally more than the expected bearing
capacity
 Study Area
Study Area

Elevated Mysore Road

Majestic
Majesti
c

kalasipaly
kalasipalyam
am
 Methodology
Reconnaissance survey

Primary Data collection Secondary

BMTC Bus Trips Surveys for analysis of existing road and traffic Existing Conflict Points
conditions

Identification of key issues with the site Signal Phasing Plan

Existing LOS Conditions

Existing circulation pattern of buses+ circulation pattern after the

completion of the project

Trip generation and Trip distribution

Traffic forecasting for project opening year(2016) and 5 years from

project opening year

Visim Simulation(Delay and Queue lengths)

Identification of mitigation measures,

Modifying signal phase and timing
6

Conclusion
 Literature Review
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 1
Issue 6, August - 2012 ISSN: 2278-0181
Traffic Impact Study at 3 Legged Intersection

• In this paper the observations shows that the capacity of dual lane

carriageway with both directions (14mts) was exceeded by the volume travels

at that junction. Normally the capacity of two-lane both direction carriage

way is 3000 pcu’s/day (IRC 106:1990), but the study area results says that the

peak hour vehicular traffic was 5000pcu’s. Based on this study it was

proposed that the additional lane requirement is essential at the study area.

7
 International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 2014, 4(1):
103-116

Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour Analysis at Intersections

• This paper presents the analysis of pedestrian crossing behavior from a study
conducted at Roorkee city (Uttarakhand state in India). The effect of
pedestrian characteristics like age, gender and that of carrying baggage and
luggage as well as their crossing patterns were examined.Crossing patterns
were observed for different age group and gender and it was concluded that
the pedestrian crossing behaviour is the important factor for deciding the
assurance of pedestrian safety on roads and the pedestrians waiting time can
be used to decide the need of pedestrian facility in the area.
8
 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
Vol.2 - Issue 7 (July - 2013)
Improvement of Traffic Operations In Congested Signalized
Intersections - A Case Study In Bangalore City

• The objective of this study was to improve the performance operation of the
signalized intersections by investigating the proper alternatives to enhance
the traffic capacity. To achieve this objective, Bilekahalli signalized
intersection in Bangalore city, along the Bannerghatta road, were selected.
The results of this study revealed the selected traffic facility currently
undergoes serious degradation causing breakdown conditions. Thus, urgent
considerations must be given regarding the upgrading in the LOS by
suggesting many alternatives.
9
 DIRECTORATE OF URBAN LAND TRANSPORT, GOVERNMENT OF
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE, 2013
Traffic Management Study- Sadashivanagar and Bellary Road

• The traffic management plan of Sadashivanagar and Bellary Road was aimed
to ease and regulate the travel constraints prevailing within the study area.
The collected data was analysed and the delay and queue lengths at the
intersections are estimated using a micro simulation based software and
various short term, medium and long term measures were proposed to
achieve sustainable transport, increased public transport ridership, safe and
comfortable walkways.

10
 Data Collection

Primary data
 Turning Volume Count
 Speed and Delay
 Pedestrian count

Secondary data
 Land Use data
 Existing Bus Services from BMTC

11
 Existing Land Use and Major Trip Attractors

Krishna Rajendra Market

Govt Dental College

Victoria Hospital

Vanivilas Hospital Kalasipalyam Market

Bangalore Kalasipalyam Bus Stand

Medical
College

KIMS
Study Roads and Intersections

Kalasipalyam Main Road

Study
Intersections
Signalized
Intersections
 Survey Locations

Market Bus Stop

Victoria Hospital JN
AM Road

BMC Jn
AV Road/Kalasipalyam
Main Road

KIMS Jn

Basappa Circle
 Bus Stop Locations

City Market

Market Bus Stop

Victoria Hospital

Kalasipalyam Bus
Stand

KIMS

Basappa Circle
Bus Stop
 Circulation Pattern of Buses

Kalasipalyam Main
Rd
Legend
Entry /Exit of Private Buses
Entry/Exit of BMTC Buses
Entry /Exit of KSRTC Buses
 Significance Criteria

• If the roadway segment is operating at an acceptable Level of Service

D or better and if the addition of project volume reduces the roadway
segment LOS to E or F, then it is considered to be a significant impact.

• If the roadway segment is operating at LOS E or F, and if the addition

of project volume increases the volume to capacity ratio (v/c) of the
roadway segment by 0.01, then it is considered to be a significant
impact.
17
 Issues at the site

1
Footpaths are occupied by vendors
and hence pedestrians struggle to
walk on the narrow foot path

6 Large amount of garbage from

rotting vegetables and fruits are a
2 major concern

5
Traffic blockage here as this
intersection
3 is unsignalised

4 Private buses operating from

outside the bus stand are parked on
the road which reduces the
4 available carriage for 0BMTC Buses
18
 Trip Generation

Total Person Trips

Total person trips/100 sq.ft

3.75

Total person trips / 2,14,399 sq.ft

8040
 Number of vehicles generated per hour

Sl. no Vehicle Type IN OUT

1 Two Wheelers 45 42

2 Cars/ 4 Wheelers 14 13

4 Autos 18 16
Total Vehicles 77 71
Total PCUs 58 53
Kalasipalyam main road
Trip Distribution

6%
Existing Operating Conditions

``
Elevated Mysore Flyover

Kalasipalyam main
road
Year 2016 LOS Condition(Without Project)

``
Elevated Mysore Flyover

Kalasipalyam main road

Year 2016 LOS Condition(With Project)

``
Elevated Mysore Flyover

Kalasipalyam main road

Year 2021 LOS Condition(Without Project)

``
Elevated Mysore Flyover

Kalasipalyam main road

 Proposed Circulation Pattern

Kalasipalyam Main
Rd
Legend
Entry /Exit of Private Buses
Entry/Exit of BMTC Buses
Entry /Exit of KSRTC Buses
Entry /Exit of private Vehicles
 2016 without project operating conditions

Legend
2016 without project
Delay Intersections Throughput(Vehi
Delay(Sec/Veh) Queue Length (m)
cles)
Queue K.R Market Bust
Length 70 170 W-E 5012
Stop
Basappa Circle 186 215 W-S 2541
KIMS 60 173 E-W 3142
BMC Intersection 24 80 S-N 2752
Victoria Hospital
4 18 SW-SE 2219
Intersection

60
186
 2016 with project operating conditions

Legend
2016 without project 2016 with Project
Delay
Intersections Delay Throughp Through
Queue Length Delay(Se Queue Length
Queue (Sec/ ut(Vehicle put(Vehi
(m) c/Veh) (m)
Length Veh) s) cles)
K.R Market
70 170 W-E 5012 72 178 W-E 5050
Bust Stop
Basappa Circle 186 215 W-S 2541 195 310 W-S 2563
KIMS 60 173 E-W 3142 60.3 160.3 E-W 3179
BMC
24 80 S-N 2752 25 90 S-N 2796
Intersection
Victoria
Hospital 4 18 SW-SE 2219 3 32 SW-SE 2229
Intersection
61
195
 2021 without project operating conditions

Legend
2021 without project
Delay Intersections Throughput(Vehi
Queue Length (m)
2 Delay(Sec/Veh)
cles)
Queue K.R Market Bust
Length 90 210 W-E 5337
Stop
Basappa Circle 215 420 W-S 2664
KIMS 103 176 E-W 3316
BMC Intersection 35 106 S-N 2841
Victoria Hospital
3 Intersection
10 120 SW-SE 2153

5 103
215 4
 2021 with project operating conditions

2021 without project 2016 with Project

Legend
Intersections
Delay Delay(Se Queue Throughpu Delay(Sec/ Queue Length Throu
2 c/Veh) Length (m) t(Vehicles) Veh) (m) Veh
Queue
1 K.R Market
Length Bust Stop
90 210 W-E 5337 107 215 W-E 5

4 Basappa Circle 215 420 W-S 2664 218 424 W-S 2

5 KIMS 103 176 E-W 3316 114 258 E-W 3

3 6 BMC 35 106 S-N 2841 31 112 S-N 2

Intersection
Victoria
7 Hospital 10 120 SW-SE 2153 21 122 SW-SE 2
Intersection
5 114
218 4
 Mitigation Measure

Private buses and BMTC buses

Should not be allowed to stop here
since this place is already
congested.

Currently KSRTC buses are using this

stretch for parking. This should be
prohibited and the entire stretch can be
used for parking of two wheelers as well as Provide continuous foot path at
4 wheelers. entry as well as exit of the bus
stand.

Prohibit on street parking

here and parking facility
should be provided inside the
TTMC.
 Mitigation Measures

Private buses and BMTC buses

should not be allowed to stop here
Legend since this place is already congested.
Route followed by KSRTC Buses
Route followed by BMTC Buses
Route followed by private Buses

This intersection should be

signalised Traffic to be made one way between
Albert Victor Road & Lalbag Fort Rd
 Continued…..

Provide continuous foot path at

entry as well as exit of the Bus
stand.

Alternate routes for the vehicles

Which were moving on the
Kalasipalyam main road
 Proposed Signal Phasing Plan at K.R Market

Phase time: 40 Seconds Phase time: 50 Seconds Phase time: 60 Seconds

Avenue Rd Avenue Rd Avenue Rd

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
From Royan C’le

From Royan C’le

From Royan C’le

From Town Hall

From Town Hall

From Town Hall

From Victoria Hospital From Victoria Hospital
From Victoria Hospital

Signal Phasing Plan at K.R Market Jn

Proposed phase timings(Seconds)
No of Phases
Green Yellow Red

Phase 1 55 3 107
Phase 2 55 3 97
Phase 3 70 3 87
Pedestrain
10
Signal

Cycle Length 180

 Existing signal phasing plan at KIMS
Phase time: 60 Seconds Phase time: 80 Seconds
Phase time: 40 Seconds

From BMC From BMC From BMC

Phase 1 Phase 1
Phase 1

From Makkala Koota

From Makkala Koota

From Makkala Koota

From Basappa C’le

From Basappa C’le

From Basappa C’le

From National College
From National College From National College

Signal Phasing Plan at KIMS Jn

Existing phase timings(Seconds)
No of Phases
Green Yellow Red

Phase 1 40 3 137
Phase 2 60 3 117
Phase 3 80 3 97
Pedestrain
15
Signal

Cycle Length 180

 Proposed signal phasing plan at KIMS
Phase time: 80 Seconds Phase time: 80 Seconds
Phase time: 30 Seconds

From BMC From BMC From BMC

Phase 1 Phase 1
Phase 1

From Makkala Koota

From Makkala Koota

From Makkala Koota

From Basappa C’le

From Basappa C’le

From Basappa C’le

From National College
From National College From National College

Proposed phase timings(Seconds)

No of Phases
Green Yellow Red

Phase 1 30 3 137
Phase 2 80 3 117
Phase 3 80 3 97
Pedestrain
15
Signal

Cycle Length 190

 Existing Signal Phasing Plan at K.R Market

Phase time: 40 Seconds Phase time: 50 Seconds Phase time: 60 Seconds

Avenue Rd Avenue Rd Avenue Rd

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
From Royan C’le

From Royan C’le

From Royan C’le

From Town Hall

From Town Hall

From Town Hall

From Victoria Hospital From Victoria Hospital From Victoria Hospital

Signal Phasing Plan at K.R Market Jn

Existing phase timings(Seconds)
No of Phases
Green Yellow Red

Phase 1 40 3 107
Phase 2 50 3 97
Phase 3 60 3 87
Pedestrain
10
Signal

Cycle Length 150

 Proposed Signal Phasing Plan at K.R Market

Phase time: 70 Seconds Phase time: 70 Seconds Phase time: 40 Seconds

Avenue Rd Avenue Rd Avenue Rd

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
From Royan C’le

From Royan C’le

From Royan C’le

From Town Hall

From Town Hall

From Town Hall

From Victoria Hospital From Victoria Hospital From Victoria Hospital

Proposed phase timings(Seconds)

No of Phases
Green Yellow Red
Phase 1 70 3 107
Phase 2 70 3 97
Phase 3 40 3 87
Pedestrain
10
Signal

Cycle Length 180

 2021 with project with mitigation measures operating
conditions

Legend
2021 with project with mitigation
Delay 2021 with project
measures
Intersections
Delay(S Throughput Delay(S Throughput
Queue Queue Length (m) Queue Length (m)
ec/Veh) (Vehicles) ec/Veh) (Vehicles)
Length
K.R Market Bust Stop 107 215 W-E 5247 97 210 W-E 5629
Basappa Circle 218 424 W-S 2713 148 223 W-S 2926
KIMS 114 258 E-W 3265 80 260 E-W 4083
BMC Intersection 31 112 S-N 2927 35 98 S-N 3487
Victoria Hospital
21 122 SW-SE 2194 19 125 SW-SE 2619
Intersection

80
148
 References

• [1] DPR: Traffic Impact Study on Electronic City TTMC- DULT

• [2] DPR: Traffic Impact Study on Katriguppe TTMC –DULT
• [3] S.K.Khanna and C.E.G.Justo., Highway engineering,
• [4] Indian Road Congress,” Guidelines for Capacity of Urban Roads in Plain
Areas”, IRC special publication: 106,199
• [5] L.R.Kadiyali, Traffic Engineering and Transport Planning,
 Continued….

• [6] Akash Jain, Ankit Gupta, Rajat Rastogi (2014), “Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour
analysis at Intersections”, International Journal for Traffic and Transport
Engineering, 2014, 4(1): 103-116

• [7] Sunil Kumar V, J.Ranjitha, “Improvement of Traffic Operations in Congested

Signalised Intersections – A Case Study in Bangalore City”, International Journal
of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), Vol.2 Issue 7, July-2013.

• [8] Shyam Prakash.K, Sai Sravan.S, “Traffic Impact Study at 3 Legged

Intersections”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology
(IJERT), Vol.1 Issue 6, August-2012.
 Continued….

• [9] Jin Wang,

Huapu Lu, “The Research on the Method of Traffic Impact Analysis”,
Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.4, 2003.

• [10] Amudapuram Mohan Rao, Kalaga Ramachandra Rao, “Measuring Urban

Traffic Congestion-A Review”, International Journal for Traffic and Transport
Engineering, 2012, 2(4): 286-305.

• [11] Tolu Isac Atomode, “Assessment of Traffic Delay Problems and

Characteristics at Urban Road Intersections”: A Case Study of Ilorin, Nigeria, IOSR
Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol.12, Issue 4,PP 06 -16.
 Continued….

• [12] “Traffic Management and Circulation Study”, Shantinagar. Directorate of

Urban Land Transport, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.

• [13] www.ijert.org

• [14] www.ijtte.com

• [15] www.urbantransport.kar.gov.in
 2021 with Project
Intersection
Intersections Delay(Sec/ Throughput(
Numbers Queue Length (m)
Veh) Vehicles)

Thank you
1

4
5
K.R Market
Bust Stop
Basappa
Circle
KIMS
107

218

114
215

424

258
W-E

W-S

E-W
5247

2713

3265
BMC
6 31 112 S-N 2927
Intersection
Victoria
Hospital 21 122 SW-SE 2194
7 Intersection