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Mountains
Fold and Thrust Mountains
• Enormous mountain ranges form when
plates converge.
• Contorted rocks show the power of
plate tectonics.
• Formerly horizontal layers are twisted,
bent, or broken.
• Some folded rocks are pushed over on
their sides, or even upside down.
Continent-Ocean Continent-Continent
collision forms collision forms
Continental Arc: Folded Mountain Belt:Alps,
Andes Cascades. Himalayans, Appalachians
Compression, tension and shear forces stress
the rocks, causing them to strain i.e. “give”
Ruler, Pencil
Relationship
Between
Stress and
Strain under
high Temps
or Pressure
Chewing Gum
Strike and Dip
Strike intersection w horizontal, dip perpendicular, angle from horizontal down toward surface
Note highest point
Foam Strata
Foam strata
Older
Overturned
Area
Younger
Axis
Up
End Down
End
•
• Fractures
• - Joints: fractures with no relative
movement
• - Faults: fractures with relative
movement
Dip-Slip
Faults
Normal Fault: Hanging Wall Down
Reverse
• Strike-slip faults
1) Example: San Andreas
Transform fault
2) Distinctive landforms (linear
valleys, chains of lakes, sag
ponds, topographic saddles)
3) Fresh pulverized rock.
Transform fault through granite:
Arkose sandstone
4) Evidence of Shear stress
Horizontal Movement Along
Strike-Slip Fault
Faults & Plate Tectonics
Divergence
Convergence
Transform
Plate tectonics and faulting
• Divergent Margins
– Surface rock is pulled apart
– Hanging wall drops down
Horst and Graben Formation
Graben in
Iceland
Same layer
Lewis Thrust Fault (cont'd)
1. Volcanic mountains
2. Fold-and-thrust mountains
3. Fault-block mountains
4. Upwarped mountains
Types of Mountains
• 2. Fold-and-thrust mountains
Early USA
petroleum
exploration, e.g.
Pennsylvania
anticlines
Faults and Oil