CHAPTER SIX

BENDING
Objectives
 To determine the stress caused by bending.
 shear and moment diagrams
- largest shear & moment, & their location
- bending stress from internal moment
 graphical methods for constructing
shear and moment diagrams
 bending deformation of a straight member
- homogeneous linear-elastic material
- symmetric cross-section
 the flexure formula
6.1 Shear and Moment Diagrams

Beams are:
 members that are slender and support loading that are
applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis
 often classified as to how they are supported
 are designed to support:
 the floor of a building
 the deck of a bridge
 the wing of an aircraft
 the axle of an automobile, etc.
Classification of Beam Supports

Chapter 6-Bending 4
Beams as structural members in building construction
Design: maximum shear & moment
Shear and moment diagrams give information about:
 maximum shear and moment in the beam
 variation of the shear V and moment M along the
beam’s axis

 Shear and moment functions

V = f(x)
M = f(x)
Beam Sign Convention
Positive directions are as follows:
 Distributed load acts downward
 Internal shear force causes clockwise rotation on the
beam segment.
 Moment causes compression in the top fibers.
 IMPORTANT POINTS

 Beams are long straight members that carry loads perpendicular

to their longitudinal axis. They are classified according to the
way they are supported, e.g., simply supported, cantilevered, or
overhanging.

 In order to properly design a beam, it is important to know the

variation of the shear and moment along its axis in order to find
the points where these values are maximum.

 By establishing a sign convention for positive shear and

moment, the shear and moment in the beam can be determined
as a function of its position x and these values are plotted to
form the shear and moment diagrams.

Chapter 6-Bending 8
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
 The shear and moment diagrams for a beam can be
constructed using the following procedures:
 Support Reactions
 Determine all the reactive forces and couple moments acting
on the beam, and resolve all the forces into components
acting perpendicular and parallel to the beam’s axis
 Shear and Moment Functions
 Specify separate coordinate x having an origin at the
beam’s left end and extending to regions of the beam
between concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or
where there is no discontinuity or distributed loading.
 Section the beam perpendicular to its axis at each distance x,
and draw the free-body diagram of one of the segments. Be
sure V and M are shown acting in their positive sense.
 The shear is obtained by summing forces perpendicular to
the beam’s axis.
 The moment is obtained by summing moments about the
sectioned end of segment.
Chapter 6-Bending 9
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS (continued)
 Shear and Moment Diagrams
 Plot the shear diagram (V versus x) and the moment
diagram (M versus x). If numerical values of the function
describing V and M are positive, the values are plotted
above the x axis, whereas negative values are plotted
below the x axis.
 Generally it is convenient to show the shear and moment
diagrams directly below the free-body diagram of the
beam.

Chapter 6-Bending 10
 Example 6-1:Express the
internal shear and moment in
terms of x and then draw the
shear and moment diagrams
for the beam.

Chapter 6-Bending 11
Chapter 6-Bending 12
Chapter 6-Bending 13
 Example 6-2: Draw the shear
and moment diagrams for the
beam and determine the shear
and moment as functions of x.

Chapter 6-Bending 14
Chapter 6-Bending 15
Chapter 6-Bending 16
6.2 Graphical Method for Constructing Shear and
Moment Diagram

Simpler method for constructing shear & moment

diagram

Two differential relations that exist among:

 distributed load,
shear, and
moment.
Regions of Distributed Load

   Fy  0; V ( x)  w  x  Δx  V ( x)  ΔV   0
ΔV   w(x)Δ x

  M o  0;  V ( x) Δx  M  w  x  Δx  k  Δx     M  ΔM   0
ΔM  V ( x) Δx  w  x  k  Δx 
2
 Example

dV
  w( x )
dx
slope of shear = -distributed
diagram at load intensity
each point at each point

dM
 V ( x)
dx
slope of moment = shear at
diagram at each each point
point
Differential areas under the distributed loading
dV   w( x)dx
Differential areas under the shear diagram
dM  V ( x)dx

areas between C & D

V    w( x )dx
change in = - area under
shear distributed loading

M   V ( x )dx
change in = area under
moment shear diagram
Regions of Concentrated Force and Moments

   Fy  0; V  F  (V  V )  0
V  F

When F acts downward on the beam, ΔV is

negative so the shear will “jump” downward.

   M o  0; M  M  M o  V x  M  0
M  M o

If Mo is applied clockwise, ΔM is positive so the

moment diagram will “jump” upward.
Constructing shear and moment diagrams on the basis of knowing the variation of the
slope from the load and shear diagrams

Chapter 6-Bending 22
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
 Support Reactions
 Determine the support reactions and resolve the forces acting on the
beam into components that are perpendicular and parallel to the
beam's axis.
 Shear Diagram
 Establish the V and x axis and plot the known values of the shear at
the two ends of the beam.
 Since dV/dx=-w, the slope of the shear diagram at any point is equal
to the (negative) density of the distributed loading at the point.
Note: w is positive when it acts downward.
 If a numerical value of the shear is to be determined at a point, one
can find this value either by using the method of sections and the
equations of force equilibrium, or by using DV=-∫w(x)dx, which
states that change in the shear between any two points is equal to
the (negative) area under the load diagram between the two points.
 Since w(x) must be integrated to obtain ΔV, then if w(x) is a curve of
degree n, V(x) will be curve of n+1; for example, if w(x) is uniform,
V(x) will be linear.
Chapter 6-Bending 23
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS (Continued)

 Moment Diagram

 Establish the M and x axes and plot the known values of the
moments at the ends of the beam.
 Since dM/dx=V(x), the slope of the moment diagram at any point is
equal to the shear at the point.
 At the point where the shear is zero, dM/dx=0, and therefore this
would be a point of maximum or minimum moment.
 If a numerical value of the moment is to be determined at the point,
one can find this value either by using method of sections and the
equation of moment equilibrium, or by using ΔM=∫V(x) dx, which
states that the change in moment between any two pints is equal to
the area under the shear diagram between the two points.
 Since V(x) must be integrated to obtain ΔM, then if V(x) is a curve of
degree n, M(x) will be a curve of degree n+1; for example, if V(x) is
linear, M(x) will be parabolic.

Chapter 6-Bending 24
 Example 6-3: Draw the
shear and moment diagrams
for the double overhanging
beam.

Chapter 6-Bending 25
Chapter 6-Bending 26
 Example 6-4: Draw the shear
and moment diagrams for the
double overhanging beam.

Chapter 6-Bending 27
Chapter 6-Bending 28
Chapter 6-Bending 29
6.3 Bending Deformation of a Straight Member

Assumptions:
Homogenous & linear-elastic material
Symmetric cross-section about y axis
Bending moment about z axis
Example: Straight Prismatic bar subjected to a bending moment
 Longitudinal lines become curved.
 Vertical transverse lines remain straight and undergo a
rotation.
 The top lines compress.
 The bottom lines stretch.

Neutral Surface
 The surface in which longitudinal fibers of the
material will not undergo a change in length.
Example:
Distortion of the lines due to bending of this rubber bar
 the top line stretches.
 the bottom line compresses.
 the center line remain the same length.
 the vertical lines rotate and yet remain straight.
Assumptions regarding the way the stress deforms the
material:
 Longitudinal axis x does not change in length.
 All cross sections of the beam remain plane and
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
 The deformation of the cross section within its own plane
will be neglected.
 The z axis is neutral axis.
How does bending moment strain the material?

s  s
Normal strain   lim
x 0 s
 x  s  
s  (   y )
(   y )  
  lim
 0 
y
 


Longitudinal normal strain of any element within the

beam depends on its location y and radius of curvature.
Longitudinal normal strain vary linearly with y from the neutral axis.
 Contraction (-e) occurs in fibers located above the neutral axis (+y).
 Elongation (+e) occurs in fibers located below the neutral axis (-y).
 Maximum strain occurs at the outermost fiber located at distance c
from the neutral axis.

y c
   max 
 

 y/ 

 max c/ 

 y
    max
c
Bending moment produce normal stress only in x direction
x ,  y   x ,  z   x
 x  E x ,  y  0 , z  0

Cross section dimensions to become

 smaller below the neutral axis.
 larger above the neutral axis.
Example:
 6.4 The Flexure Formula

An equation that relates the longitudinal stress

distribution in a beam to the internal resultant bending
moment acting on the beam’s cross-section.

Assumptions:
 homogeneous & linear elastic material
 Hooke’s law is applicable
  E
Stress distribution

Linear Variation of Normal Strain

 y
    max
c

  E
 y Linear Variation in Normal Stress
    max
c
Sign Convention

 y
    max
c
 Position of Neutral Axis
Resultant force produced by the stress distribution over the
cross-sectional area must be equal to zero.
FR   Fx ; 0   dF   σdA
A A

 y
     maxdA
A 
c

  max

c A  ydA

 max
0
c
 ydA  0
A

This is possible if neutral and centroidal axis are same.

How to determine stress in the beam (Flexural Formula)?
 The internal moment must be equal to the moment
produced by the stress distribution about the neutral axis.
( M R ) z   M z ; M   ydF   y ( dA)
A A

y 
M   y   max  dA
A  
c
 max
M  dA
2
y
c A

Moment of inertia I   y dA
2

A
σmax = the maximum normal stress
Mc
 max  M = the resultant internal moment
I I = moment of inertia
c = perpendicular distance from the neutral axis
My  y  max 
        max , 
I c c y
Normal stress at the intermediate distance y.
Chapter 6-Bending 43
IMPORTANT POINTS
 The cross section of a straight beam remains plane when the beam
deforms due to bending, which causes:
 tensile stress on one side of the beam and
 compressive stress on the other side.
 the neutral axis is subjected zero stress.

 Due to the deformation, the longitudinal strain varies linearly from

zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the outer fibers of the beam.
Provided the material is homogeneous and Hooke’s law applies, the
stress also varies in a linear fashion over the cross section.

 For linear elastic material the neutral axis passes through the centroid
of the cross sectional area. This conclusion is based on the fact that
the resultant normal force acting on the cross-section must be zero.

 The flexure formula is based on the requirement that the resultant

moment on the cross section is equal to the moment produced by the
linear normal stress distribution about the neutral axis.
Chapter 6-Bending 44
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
Internal Moment
 Section the member at the point where the bending or normal stress
is to be determined, and obtain the internal moment M at the section.
 The neutral axis for the cross section must be known, since M must
be computed about this axis.
 If the absolute maximum bending stress is to be determined, then
draw the moment diagram in order to determine the maximum
moment in the beam.
 Section Property
 Determine the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the
neutral axis.
 Normal Stress
 Specify the distance y, measured perpendicular to the neutral axis to
the point where the normal stress is to be determined. Then apply
the equation:
My Mc
   max 
I I
Chapter 6-Bending 45
 EXAMPLE 6-5:If the beam is
subjected to an internal moment of
M=30 kN.m, determine the
resultant force caused by the
bending stress distribution acting
on the top flange A.

Chapter 6-Bending 46
Chapter 6-Bending 47
Chapter 6-Bending 48
 Example 6-6:If the beam has a
square cross-section of 9 in. on
each side, determine the
absolute maximum bending
stress in the beam.

Chapter 6-Bending 49
Chapter 6-Bending 50
 Ch. 6 Assignment: Due until Thursday, July 19th

Problem numbers: 6-2, 6-19, 6-37, 6-45, 6-61, 6-79, 6-85,

and 6-99

Chapter 6-Bending 51
Thank You
Questions?

Chapter 6-Bending 52