Metabolisme Karbohidrat dan

Integrasinya dg Regulasi Hormonal

BY: MUSTHIKA WIDA MASHITAH

Glucose Equilibrium – A Wonder !!

 Normal Blood Glucose

 Fasting state : 60 to 100 mg% (< 126 mg/dL)
 Postprandial : 100 to 140 mg % (< 200 mg/dL)
 Apa yg menjaga glukosa darah dalam rentang normal?
 Mengapa kita tdk hipoglikemia di saat puasa?
 Mengapa glukosa`darah tdk langsung naik sangat tinggi
setelah makan banyak?
 Siapa yang mengatur?

2
 Pertumbuhan sel dan metabolisme energi

Carbohydrates
Glucose Pyruvate

Fatty acids

Fats

Amino acids
TCA Cycle
Kreb’s Cycle
Proteins
ATP

3
 GLUT2
Metabolism Glucokinase (Km =10mM) Blood
of sugars in Glc
(4 mM)
Liver.

(then transported to other tissues)

Fatty acids are the preferred fuel

Occurs when the carbohydrate
for energy production in heptocytes.
intake is in excess.
Metabolism of
amino acids
in liver.
Metabolic cooperation between
the skeletal muscle and liver.

The Cori Cycle

 Bahan bakar metabolisme pada berbagai
organ dikoordinasikan oleh berbagai hormon

 Insulin, glucagon, and epinepherine have been found to interplay

in coordinating fuel metabolism in muscle, liver, and adipose
tissue, thus keeping the blood glucose level

 Insulin signals high blood glucose (acts mainly on liver, muscle

and adipose tissues).

 Glucagon signals low blood glucose (acts mainly on liver and

adipose tissues).

 Epinepherine signals impending activity (acts on muscle, liver and

adipose tissues).
 Efisiensi Metabolik: Glukosa

 Sel bergantung pada insulin u/ efisiensi

penyerapan glukosa dari darah

 Insulin juga meningkatkan produksi ATP

 Tanpa insulin tidak akan ada cukup glukosa yg

disuplai ke jaringan u/ metabolissme
 A SIMPLIFIED VIEW OF THE
MECHANISM OF INSULIN

SIMPLY PUT, insulin can be

thought of as the funnel
that allows glucose to
pass through the
S= SUGAR (glucose)
receptors into cells.

www.umassmed.edu/diabeteshandbook
/chap01.htm
Intermediary Metabolism of Fuels

10
Glucose-6-Phosphate – The Central Molecule

11
 Peptide Hormone Insulin

 Sebuah protein kecil (atau peptida besar)

 Diproduksi oleh sel beta pankreas (sel islet)
 Disekresikan saat glukosa darah meningkat
 Berikatan dengan reseptor di otot, otak, liver, jar. Adiposa, dan jaringan
metabolisme lain
 Di otot insulin memfasilitasi uptake glukosa
 Di hati, insulin mendorong sintesis glikogen
 Di jar. adiposa, insulin mendorong sintesis gliserol & menghambat
pemecahan lemak
THE REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE

Beta Cells in
Receptors Islets of
Langerhans

Blood
Stimulus
Glucose
THE REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
Increased Insulin
secretion and
synthesis

Intracellular
communication

Beta Cells in
Receptors Islets of
Langerhans

Blood
Stimulus
Glucose
THE REGULATION OF BLOOD
GLUCOSE Increased Insulin
secretion and
synthesis
Insulin carried
Intracellular in blood
communication

Muscle and fat Liver

cells throughout cells
Beta Cells in body
Receptors Islets of
Langerhans
Glucose Glucose
uptake synthesis
Glycogen
Response
Blood synthesis
Stimulus
Glucose Blood
Glucose
Blood
Glucose
THE REGULATION OF BLOOD
GLUCOSE
Increased Insulin
secretion and
synthesis
Insulin carried Efferent
Pathway
Intracellular in blood
communication

Muscle and fat Liver

cells throughout Effectors
cells
Beta Cells in body
Receptors Islets of
Langerhans
Glucose Glucose
uptake synthesis
Glycogen
Response
Blood synthesis
Stimulus
Glucose Blood
Negative Glucose
Feedback
Blood
Glucose
 Importance of Insulin

 Without insulin, glucose transport into the cells will be

insufficient.

 Lacking glucose, cells will have to rely on protein and fat

catabolism for fuel.

 Also, when there is not enough insulin, excess glucose cannot be

stored in the liver and muscle tissue.

 Instead, glucose accumulates in the blood-- above normal levels.

 Leptin dan Kontrol Massa Tubuh

 Leptin memberikan sinyal ke

otak u/ memerintahkan otak
melanjutkan atau berhenti
makan
Jar. Adiposa memproduksi protein hormon leptin, yg bekerja
pada hipotalamus u/ mengatur perilaku makan dan
penggunaan energi pd mamalia u/ mempertahankan berat
badan ideal (homeostasis)

Kerusakan pada leptin

memicu obesitas
 Brain is a major
glucose consumer

The most
fastidious,
one of the most
voracious of all Fatty acids do not serve as a fuel!
the organs!
O2 and glucose
cannot be
interrupted!

Consumes about 120 g

glucose daily.
 Summary

 Masing2 organ/jaringan memiliki peran spesial dlm metabolisme

 Liver memiliki fleksibilitas metabolisme yang luar biasa dan bekerja untuk
jaringan lain dalam menyediakan bahan bakar yang tepat
 Kerja semua organ / jaringan sangat terkoordinasi / terintegrasi melalui
hormon, sekelompok molekul kimia yang beragam.