Is the following statement true,

false or neither?

If all Wusses are Woofs and no Woofs are Wotts,

then we can definitely say no Woots are Wusses.
How many pairs of shoes can be fitted into 4
boxes which each can hold 16 shoes?
What word matches both of the following
definitions?

1. Sweet preserve containing fruit.

2. To cram or wedge against something.

What five-letter word becomes shorter when
you add two letters to it?
What can be placed between the numbers 5
and 9 to get a number greater than 5 and
smaller than 9?
A carton contains 6 eggs. If 6 people each
take 1 egg, how can it be that 1 egg is left in
the carton?
WHAT IS LOGIC?
 Defining Logic Concept
Logic is the study of the methods and principles
used to distinguish correct from incorrect
reasoning. Logic provides formal methods, criteria
and techniques of testing correctness of
arguments. Logic is sometimes defined as the
“science of reasoning” or the science of the laws
of thought”
Why weLOGIC?
WHY STUDY study logic?
1. To show its relevance in our everyday life
2. It contributes to the quality of human life.
3. It contributes to the growth of the individual.
4. It enhances our ability to see things in their
proper perspective. It is the mark of intelligence.
Reasons are the coin we pay for the beliefs we
hold. With reasoning we produce arguments—
some good, some bad—that can be formulated in
writing or speech.
Reasoning is an art as well as science; it is
something we do as well as understand. Giving
reasons may come naturally, but our skill in the
art of building arguments, and testing them, can
be strengthened with practice.
How can you throw a ball as hard as you can and
have it come back to you,
even if it does not bounce off anything?
There is nothing attached to it and
no one else catches or throws it back to you.
According to UK law, can a man legally marry his widow’s sister?
WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY, REASONABLE THINKING?
You have 4 letters.
Why we study
The letter logic?
is either sealed or open.
The stamp is either premium(40) or standard price
(30)
You have these letters.
40 30

Which one do you turn over to test the rule: If a

letter is sealed then it must have a premium
stamp(40) on it.
Worksheet 1

Why we study logic?

Name:__________________Score: ____________
Section: _________________ Date:____________
The Argument:
“ A tooth for a tooth, an eye for an eye---such is the wisdom offered in the sacred
text of Christianity, the Holy Bible. And so, heinous crimes like first-degree murder must be
punished with death. Death with death: because the criminal has destroyed a human life, his
right to life must also be forfeited.”

1. Do you agree with the argument? Why? Develop your own argument supporting or
criticizing it and write it down on your activity notebook. Try making your argument as
clearly and as orderly as possible.
2. Now, evaluate your own argument in item 1, look for any weakness(es), then based on
your evaluation, think/ formulate a counter argument of your argument in item 1.
Why we on
3. Based study
yourlogic?
counter-argument in item 2,
develop a new better argument that affirms your
position in item no.1.
4. Compare your argument in items no.1 and no.3.
Which do you think is better?
5. Based on your activity in this worksheet, in your
own words, what is the significance of logical/
critical thinking in your life as a student?
WHAT PART DO THEY PLAY IN AN ARGUMENT?
SENTENCE AND PROPOSITIONS
WhyAnwe study logic?
argument is not a quarrel or dispute, but an
example of reasoning in which one or more propositions
(or statements) are offered as support, justification,
grounds, reasons, or evidence for another proposition.
Proposition refers to the meaning of a sentence
that makes a claim, that is, a statement that can either
be true or false. The first thing you need to remember is
the idea that arguments are made up of propositions. If
words are the basic elements of a sentence, propositions
are the basic elements of any argument.
 Why
PROPOSITIONS
we study logic? NON-PROPOSITIONS
 Abortion in the Philippines is illegal. • Should abortion be legalized?
 Abortion kills human fetuses. • Stop abortion!
 A growing number of young people are practicing • I hate abortion.
abortion • Abortion should be legalized.
• Early Greeks and Romans practiced homosexuality as a • Is homosexuality moral?
natural way of life. • Homosexuals of the world, repent!
• The Holy Bible tells about the evil and immorality of • Homosexuals of the world unite!
homosexual practices. • I hate homosexuality.
• Some tribes in Africa still observe homosexual practices • Stay away from the company of homosexuals.
as part of the initiation rites among the young tribe • One straight guy is much better than ten gay guys.
members.
• A growing number of young people are practicing
homosexuality.
Why we study logic?
Remember:
All propositions are sentences but not vice
versa. A question, exclamation, wish, command,
or plea is a sentence but does not express any
judgment.
WHAT ARE THEY COMPRISED OF?
Subject (S) COPULA Predicate (P)
WhyThewe study
subject of logic?
a proposition is the matter that is
described by the predicate. The copula connects or links
the subject and the predicate and is expressed as
affirmative(+) or negative(-)
The copula is expressed as affirmative when it unites
the subject and the predicate; it is negative when it
separates the subject from the predicate. This shows that
the copula plays a very important role in determining the
quality of propositions. If the copula unites the subject and
the predicate, we call the proposition as affirmative
proposition.
Affirmative:
Why we study logic?
All lawyers are honest.
(S) + (P)
Negative:
Honesty is not always the best policy.
(S) _ (P)
In special instances, copula modifiers or simply modifiers are included
Why wesubject
before the study logic?
(which may alter the function of the copula, and
hence, the quality of the proposition) and after the copula (which
emphasize the relationship of the subject to the predicate of
propositions). What follows are the “other” structures of propositions:

Modifiers + Subject COPULA Predicate

No Man is perfect.
COMPOSITE PROPOSITIONS (consists of one subject, predicate and copula
Why
with we study logic?
modifiers).

Fire is always hot

Goku can already read a book.

The subject (S) of a proposition can either be universal (symbolized by u) or a
Why we
particular studybylogic?
(symbolized p).

A universal proposition (u) has a subject that includes all definite and
singular ideas (including proper nouns), and, depending on the quality of the
proposition (as determined by the copula), could either be affirmative ( the
subject is included in the predicate and the proposition is symbolized by A)
or negative (the subject is excluded from the predicate and the proposition is
symbolized by E);
UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE PROPOSITIONS (A)
Why we study logic?
All human beings are mortal
All those who buy Zurf powder are wais
Socrates is a human being.
Socrates is an example of a proper noun
Misis, lahat ng sinabi ni mister ay kasinungalingan
UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE PROPOSITIONS (E)
No human beings are mortals.
No buyers of Zurf powder are wais.
Socrates is not a human being
Misis, lahat ng sinabi ni mister ay hindi kasinungalingan.
It is important to take note that universal propositions (both A and E
Why we
propositions) arestudy logic?propositions. It claims that:
“all or nothing”

1. Every member of a class belongs to another class (A propositions)-

that is, the proposition does not accept exemptions, it is sweeping and
categorical or
2. Every member of a class does not belong to another class (E
propositions)- that is, like universal affirmative propositions, it does not
accept exemptions, it is sweeping and categorical.