Reinforced Concrete Design I Nader Okasha

Reinforced Concrete Design I
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 0
Syllabus
Reinforced Concrete Design
Instructor Dr. Nader Okasha.
Email nao204@lehigh.edu
Office Hours As needed.
٢
This course is only offered for 2010 students who

have passed strength of materials.
If you don’t meet this criteria you will not be

allowed to continue this course.
٣
References:
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and
commentary (ACI 318M-08). American Concrete Institute,
2008.
Design of Reinforced Concrete. 7th edition, McCormac, J.C.

and Nelson, J.K., 2006.
Reinforced Concrete Design. By Dr. Sameer Shihada.
٤
Additional references (internationally recognized books in

reinforced concrete design):
Reinforced Concrete, A fundamental Approach. Edward Nawy.
Design of Concrete Structure. Nilson A. et al.
Reinforced Concrete Design. Kenneth Leet.
Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design. James K. Wight,

and James G. MacGregor.
٥
The art of design
Design is an analysis of trial sections. The strength

of each trial section is compared with the expected
load effect.
The load effect on a section is determined using

structural analysis and mechanics of materials.
The strength of a reinforced concrete section is

determined using the concepts taught in this class.
٦
٧
Course outline
Week Topic
Introduction:
-Syllabus and course policies.
-Introduction to reinforced concrete.
1 -Load types, load paths and tributary areas.
-Design philosophies and design codes.
Analysis and design of beams for bending:
-Analysis of beams in bending at service loads.
-Strength analysis of beams according to ACI Code.
2, 3,4 -Design of singly reinforced rectangular beams.
-Design of T and L beams.
-Design of doubly reinforced beams.
4 Design of beams for shear.
5 Midterm.
٨
Course outline
Week Topic
6 Design of slabs: One way solid slabs – One way
ribbed slabs.
7 Design of short concentric columns.
7,8 Bond, development length, splicing and bar cutoff.
8,9 Design of isolated footings.
9 Staircase design.
10 Final
٩
Grading
Course work: 20%

-Homework 4%
-Attendance 4%
-Project 12%
Mid-term exam 20%
Final exam 60%
١٠
Exam Policy
Mid-term exam:
Only one A4 cheat-sheet is allowed.
Necessary figures and tables will be provided with the exam forms.
Final exam:
Open book.
١١
Homework Policy
Show all your assumptions and work details. Prepare neat

sketches showing the reinforcement and dimensions.
Marking will consider primarily neatness of presentation,
completeness and accuracy of results.
You may get the HW points if you copy the solution from
other students. However, you will have lost your chance in
practicing the concepts through doing the HW. This will lead
you to loosing points in the exams, which you could have
gained if you did your HWs on your own.
No late HWs will be accepted. Homework solutions will be

١٢
posted on upinar immediately after the submission deadline.
Policy towards cell-phone use
١٣
Policy towards discipline during class
Zero tolerance will be practiced.
No talking with other students is allowed.
Raise your hand before answering or asking questions.
Leaving during class is not allowed (especially for

answering the cell-phone) unless a previous permission is
granted.
Violation of discipline rules may have you dismissed from

class and jeopardize your participation points. ١٤
Policy towards missed classes
Any collectively missed class MUST be made up.
A collectively missed class will be made up either on a

Thursday or during the discussion lecture.
An absence from a lecture will loose you attendance points,

and the lecture will not be repeated for you. You are on your
own. You may use the lecture videos.
No late students will be allowed in class.
Anything mentioned in class is binding. No excuse for not

being there or not paying attention. ١٥
Units used in class
In all equations, the input and output units are as follows:
Distance (L,b,d, ): mm
Area (Ac,Ag,As): mm2
Volume (V): mm3
Force (P,V,N): N
Moment (M): N.mm
Stress (fy, fc’): N/mm2 = MPa = 106 N/m2
Pressure ( s): N/mm2
Distributed load per unit length (wu): N/mm
Distributed load per unit area ( u): N/mm2
Weight per unit volume (): N/mm3 ١٦
Units used in class
However, these quantities may be presented as
Distance (L,b,d, ): cm , m
Area (Ac,Ag,As): cm2, m2
Volume (V): cm3, m3
Force (P,V,N): kN
Moment (M): kN.m
Pressure (qs): kN/m2
Distributed load per unit length ( u): kN/m
Distributed load per unit area (qu): kN/m2
Weight per unit volume ( ): kN/m3
١٧
Unit conversions
1 m = 102 cm = 103 mm
1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 106 mm2
1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 109 mm3
1 kN = 103 N
1 kN.m = 106 N.mm
1 kN/m2 = 10-3 N/mm2
1 kN/m3 = 10-6 N/mm3
You MUST specify the unit of each result you obtain
١٨
ACI Equations
The equations taken from the ACI code will be indicated throughoutthe
slides by their section or equation number in the code provided in
shading.
Examples:
Ec  4700 f c ACI 8.5.1
f r  0.62 f c ACI Eq. 9-10
Some of the original equations may have included the symbol  = 1.0
for normal weight concrete and omitted in slides.
١٩
Advices for excelling in this course:
Keep up with the teacher and pay attention in class.
Study the lectures up to date.
Re-do the lecture examples.
Look at additional resources.
DO YOUR HOMEWORK!!!!!
Check your solution with the HW solution uploaded to upinar.
٢٠
ENJOY THE COURSE!!
٢١
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 1
Introduction to reinforced concrete
Contents
1. Concrete-producing materials
2. Mechanical properties of concrete
3. Steel reinforcement
2
Part 1:
Concrete-Producing
Materials
3
Advantages of reinforced concrete
as a structural material
1. It has considerable compressive strength.
2. It has great resistance to the actions of fire and water.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low maintenance material.
5. It has very long service life.
4
Advantages of reinforced concrete
as a structural material
6. It is usually the only economical material for footings,
basement walls, etc.
7. It can be cast into many shapes.
8. It can be made from inexpensive local materials.
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erecting.
5
Disadvantages of reinforced
concrete as a structural material
1. It has a very low tensile strength.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it
hardens.
3. Concrete members are very large and heavy because of the
low strength per unit weight of concrete.
4. Properties of concrete vary due to variations in
proportioning and mixing.
6
Compatibility of concrete and steel
1. Concrete is strong in compression, and steel is strong in
tension.
2. The two materials bond very well together.
3. Concrete protects the steel from corrosive environments
and high temperatures in fire.
4. The coefficients of thermal expansion for the two
materials are quite close.
7
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates, and water. This mixture creates a formable
paste that hardens into a rocklike mass.
8
Concrete Producing Materials
• Portland Cement
• Aggregates
• Water
• Admixtures
9
Portland Cement
The most common type of hydraulic cement used in the
manufacture of concrete is known as Portland cement, which is
available in various types.
Although there are several types of ordinary Portland cements,

most concrete for buildings is made from Type I ordinary
cement.
Concrete made with normal Portland cement require about two

weeks to achieve a sufficient strength to permit the removal of
forms and the application of moderate loads.
10
Types of Cement
 Type I: General Purpose
 Type II: Lower heat of hydration

than Type I
 Type III: High Early Strength

• Quicker strength
• Higher heat of hydration
11
Types of Cement
 Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration
• Slowly dissipates heat  less distortion (used for
large structures).
 Type V: Sulfate Resisting

• For footings, basements, sewers, etc. exposed to
soils with sulfates.
If the desired type of cement is not available, different

admixtures may be used to modify the properties of Type 1
cement and produce the desired effect.
12
Aggregates
Aggregates are particles that form about three-fourths of the
volume of finished concrete. According to their particle size,
aggregates are classified as fine or coarse.
Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregates consist of gravel or crushed rock particles
not less than 5 mm in size.
Fine Aggregates
Fine aggregates consist of sand or pulverized rock particles
usually less than 5 mm in size.
13
Water
Mixing water should be clean and free of organic materials that
react with the cement or the reinforcing bars.
The quantity of water relative to that of the cement, called

water-cement ratio, is the most important item in determining
concrete strength.
An increase in this ratio leads to a reduction in the compressive

strength of concrete.
It is important that concrete has adequate workability to assure

its consolidation in the forms without excessive voids.
14
Admixtures
– Applications:
• Improve workability (superplasticizers)
• Accelerate or retard setting and hardening
• Aid in curing
• Improve durability
15
Concrete Mixing
In the design of concrete mixes, three principal
requirements for concrete are of importance:
• Quality
• Workability
• Economy
16
Part 2:
Mechanical Properties of
Concrete
17
Mechanical Concrete Properties
'
Compressive Strength, f c
• Normally, 28-day strength is used as the design

strength.
18
'
• It is determined through testing standard cylinders 15

cm in diameter and 30 cm in height in uniaxial
compression at 28 days (ASTM C470).
• Test cubes 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm are also tested in

uniaxial compression at 28 days (BS 1881).
19
'
• The ACI Code is based on the concrete compressive

strength as measured by a standard test cylinder.
f c Cylinder  0.8f c Cube
• For ordinary applications, concrete compressive

strengths from 20 MPa to 30 MPa are usually used.
20
Compressive-Strength Test
21
Modulus of Elasticity, Ec
'
• Corresponds to the secant modulus at 0.45 f c
• For normal-weight concrete:
Ec  4700 f c ACI 8.5.1
22 0.002 0.003
Tensile Strength
'
– Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of f c
– Tensile strength of concrete is quite difficult to measure

with direct axial tension loads because of problems of
gripping the specimen and due to the secondary stresses
developing at the ends of the specimens.
– Instead, two indirect tests are used to measure the tensile

strength of concrete. These are given in the next two slides.
23
Tensile Strength
– Modulus of Rupture, fr
f r  0.62 f c ACI Eq. 9-10
– Modulus of Rupture Test (or flexural test):
P
unreinforced
concrete beam
fr
Mc 6M
fr   2
24 I bh
Tensile Strength
– Splitting Tensile Strength, fct
f ct  0.56 f c ACI R8.6.1
– Split Cylinder Test

Concrete Cylinder P
Poisson’s
Effect
2P
f ct 
 Ld
25
Creep
• Creep is defined as the long-term deformation caused
by the application of loads for long periods of time,
usually years.
• Creep strain occurs due to sustaining the same load

over time.
26
Creep
The total deformation is divided into two parts; the first
is called elastic deformation occurring right after the
application of loads, and the second which is time
dependent, is called creep
27
Shrinkage
Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the reduction in
volume of concrete due to loss of moisture. As a
result, shrinkage cracks develop.
Shrinkage continues for many years, but under ordinary
conditions about 90% of it occurs during the first
year.
28
Part 3:
Steel Reinforcement
29
Steel Reinforcement
Tensile tests
30
Steel Reinforcement
Tensile tests
31
Steel Reinforcement
Stress-strain diagrams
f s = ε Es ≤ f y
Yield point
elastic plastic
All steel grades have same modulus of elasticity Es= 2x105 MPa
= 200 GPa 32
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes, , #
Bars are available in nominal diameters ranging from 5mm
to 50mm, and may be plain or deformed. When bars have
smooth surfaces, they are called plain, and when they have
projections on their surfaces, they are called deformed.
Steel grades, fy
ksi MPa
40 276
60 414
80 552
33
Steel Reinforcement
Bars are deformed to increase bonding with concrete
34
Steel Reinforcement
Marks for ASTM Standard bars
35
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes according to ASTM Standards
U.S. customary units
36
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes according to ASTM Standards
SI Units
37
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes according to European Standard (EN 10080)
W Number of bars
mm N/m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 2.2 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226 254 283
8 3.9 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 6.2 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 8.9 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131
14 12.1 154 308 462 616 770 924 1078 1232 1385 1539
16 15.8 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011 Areas
18 19.9 254 509 763 1018 1272 1527 1781 2036 2290 2545 are in
20 24.7 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142 mm2
22 29.8 380 760 1140 1521 1901 2281 2661 3041 3421 3801
24 35.5 452 905 1357 1810 2262 2714 3167 3619 4072 4524
25 38.5 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
26 41.7 531 1062 1593 2124 2655 3186 3717 4247 4778 5309
28 45.4 616 1232 1847 2463 3079 3695 4310 4926 5542 6158
30 55.4 707 1414 2121 2827 3534 4241 4948 5655 6362 7069 38
32 63.1 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 2
Load types, load paths and tributary areas
Load paths
Structural systems transfer gravity loads from the floors
and roof to the ground through load paths that need to
be clearly identified in the design process.
Identifying the correct path is important for determining

the load carried by each structural member.
The tributary area concept is used to determine the load

that each structural component is subjected to.
2
Metal Deck/Slab System
Supports Floor Loads Above
Girders Support Joists
Joists Support Floor Deck
Columns Support Girders

The area tributary to a
joist equals the length of
the joist times the sum of
half the distance to each
adjacent joist.
The area tributary to a girder
equals the length of the
girder times the sum of half
the distance to each adjacent
girder.
Load paths  loads on structural members
Load is distributed over the area of the floor. This distributed load
has units of (force/area), e.g. kN/m2.
w {kN/m}
q {kN/m2} Loads
P {kN}
Beam Beam Column
Slab Beam
Column Beam Beam
Footing
Slab
Beam Beam
Soil
6
Load paths  loads on (one-way) beams
In order to design a beam, the tributary load from the floor carried
by the beam and distributed over its span is determined. This load
has units of (force/distance), e.g. kN/m.
Notes:
-In some cases, there may be concentrated loads carried by the beams as well.
-All spans of the beam must be considered together (as a continuous beam) for design.
w {kN/m}
7
Load paths  loads on (one-way) beams
This tributary load is determined by multiplying q by the tributary
width for the beam.
w {kN/m} = q {kN/m2}  (S1+S2)/2 {m}
8 S1 S2
Load paths  loads on (two-way) beams
The tributary areas for a beam in a two way system are areas which
are bounded by 45-degree lines drawn from the corners of the
panels and the centerlines of the adjacent panels parallel to the long
sides.
A panel is part of the slab formed by column centerlines.
9
An edge beam is bounded
by panels from one side.
An interior beam is
bounded by panels from
two sides.
qD
For edge beams:

D=S/2
qD
For interior beams:
D=S
10
11
12
Load paths  loads on columns
The tributary load for the column is concentrated. It has units of
(force) e.g., kN. It is determined by multiplying q by the tributary
area for the column.
P {kN} = q {kN/m2}  (x y){m2}
13
Example
Determine the loads acting on beams B1 and B2 and columns C1
and C2. Distributed load over the slab is q = 10 kN/m2. This is a 5
story structure.
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m C2
C1
6m 5.5 m
14
Example
B1:
w = 10  (4)/2 = 20 kN/m
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m C2
C1
6m 5.5 m
15
Example
B2:
w = 10  (4+5)/2 = 45 kN/m
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m
C2
C1
6m 5.5 m
16
Example
B1:
w = 20 kN/m
B2:
w = 45 kN/m
17
Example
C1:
P = 10 (4.5/2 6/2)  5 = 337.5 kN
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m C1
C2
6m 5.5 m
18
Example
C2:
P = 10 [(4.5+5)/2 (6+5.5)/2]  5 = 1366 kN
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m C2
C1
6m 5.5 m
19
Load types
Classification by direction
1 Gravity loads
2 Lateral loads
20
Load types
Classification by source and activity
1 Dead loads
2 Live loads
3 Environmental loads
21
Loads on Structures
All structural elements must be designed for all loads anticipated to
act during the life span of such elements. These loads should not
cause the structural elements to fail or deflect excessively under
working conditions.
Dead load (D.L)

• Weight of all permanent construction
• Constant magnitude and fixed location
Examples: * Weight of the Structure
(Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways, Partitions)
* Fixed Service Equipment
22
Minimum live Load values on slabs
Live Loads (L.L) Type of Use Uniform Live Load

kN/m2
Residential 2
The live load is a moving or Residential balconies 3
movable type of load such Computer use 5
Offices 2
as occupants, furniture, etc. Warehouses
Live loads used in designing  Light storage 6
buildings are usually  Heavy Storage 12
Schools
specified by local building
 Classrooms 2
codes. Live loads depend on Libraries
the intended use of the  Rooms 3
structure and the number of  Stack rooms 6
occupants at a particular Hospitals 2
Assembly Halls
time.  Fixed seating 2.5
 Movable seating 5
See IBC 2009 TABLE Garages (cars) 2.5
1607.1 for more live loads. Stores
http://publicecodes.citation.  Retail 4
com/icod/ibc/2009/index.ht  Wholesale 5
Exit facilities 5
m?bu=IC-P-2009- Manufacturing
000001&bu2=IC-P-2009-  Light 4
23
000019  Heavy 6
Environmental loads
Wind load (W.L)
The wind load is a lateral load produced by wind pressure and
gusts. It is a type of dynamic load that is considered static to
simplify analysis. The magnitude of this force depends on the
shape of the building, its height, the velocity of the wind and the
type of terrain in which the building exists.
Earthquake load (E.L) or seismic load
The earthquake load is a lateral load caused by ground motions
resulting from earthquakes. The magnitude of such a load depends
on the mass of the structure and the acceleration caused by the
earthquake.
24
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 3
Design philosophies and design codes
Design Versus Analysis
Design involves the determination of the type of structural system to
be used, the cross sectional dimensions, and the required
reinforcement. The designed structure should be able to resist all
forces expected to act during the life span of the structure safely and
without excessive deformation or cracking.
Analysis involves the determination of the capacity of a section of

known dimensions, material properties and steel reinforcement, if
any to external forces and moments.
2
Structural Design Requirements:
The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements:
1)Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in the
various structural members.
2)Serviceability to ensure satisfactory performance under service
load conditions, which implies providing adequate stiffness to
contain deflections, crack widths and vibrations within acceptable
limits.
3)Stability to prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the
structure, or part of it under the action of loads.
There are two other considerations that a sensible designer should

keep in mind: Economy and aesthetics.
3
Building Codes, Standards, and Specifications:
Standards and Specifications: Detailed statement of

procedures for design (i.e., AISC Structural Steel Spec;
ACI 318 Standards, ANSI/ASCE7-05). Not legally
binding. Think of as Recommended Practice.
Code: Systematically arranged and comprehensive

collection of laws and regulations
4
Model Codes: Consensus documents that can be adopted
by government agencies as legal documents.
3 Model Codes in the U.S.

1. Uniform Building Code (UBC): published by International
Conference of Building Officials (ICBO).
2. BOCA National Building Code (NBC): published by Building

Officials and Code Administrators International (BOCA).
3. Standard Building Code (SBC): published by Southern Building

Code Congress International (SBCCI).
5
3 Model Codes in the U.S.
6
International Building Code (IBC): published by International
Code Council (2000 ,1st edition). To replace the 3 model codes for
national and international use.
Building Code: covers all aspects related to structural safety -

loads, structural design using various kinds of materials (e.g., structural
steel, reinforced concrete, timber), architectural details, fire protection,
plumbing, HVAC. Is a legal document. Purpose of building codes: to
establish minimum acceptable requirements considered necessary for
preserving public health, safety, and welfare in the built environment.
7
Summary:
The standards that will be used extensively throughout

this course is Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete and commentary, known as the ACI 318M-08 code.
The building code that will be used for this course is

the IBC 2009, in conjunction with the ANSI/ASCE7-02.
8
Design Methods (Philosophies)
Two methods of design have long prevalent.
Working Stress Method focuses on conditions at service
loads.
Strength Design Method focusing on conditions at loads
greater than the service loads when failure may be imminent.
The Strength Design Method is deemed conceptually more realistic
to establish structural safety.
The Working-Stress Design Method
This method is based on the condition that the stresses caused by
service loads without load factors are not to exceed the allowable
stresses which are taken as a fraction of the ultimate stresses of the
materials, fc’ for concrete and f y for steel. 9
The Ultimate – Strength Design Method
At the present time, the ultimate-strength design method is the
method adopted by most prestigious design codes.
In this method, elements are designed so that the internal forces
produced by factored loads do not exceed the corresponding
reduced strength capacities.
reduced strength provided  factored loads
The factored loads are obtained by multiplying the working loads

(service loads) by factors usually greater than unity.
10
Safety Provisions (the strength requirement)
Safety is required to insure that the structure can sustain all expected
loads during its construction stage and its life span with an
appropriate factor of safety.
There are three main reasons why some sort of safety factor are
necessary in structural design
•Variability in resistance. *Variability of fc’ and fy, *assumptions are made
during design and *differences between the as-built dimensions and those found in
structural drawings.
•Variability in loading. Real loads may differ from assumed design loads, or
distributed differently.
•Consequences of failure. *Potential loss of life, *cost of clearing the debris
and replacement of the structure and its contents and *cost to society.
11
Safety Provisions (the strength requirement)
The strength design method, involves a two-way safety measure. The
first of which involves using load factors, usually greater than unity
to increase the service loads. The second safety measure specified by
the ACI Code involves a strength reduction factor multiplied by the
nominal strength to obtain design strength. The magnitude of such a
reduction factor is usually smaller than unity
Design strength ≥ Factored loads
 R    i Li
i
ACI 9.3 ACI 9.2
12
Load factors
ACI 9.2.1
Dead only
U =1.4D
Dead and Live Loads
U = 1.2D+1.6L
Dead, Live, and Wind Loads
U=1.2D+1.0L+1.6W
Dead and Wind Loads
U=1.2D+0.8W or U=0.9D+1.6W
Dead, Live and Earthquake Loads
U=1.2D+1.0L+1.0E
Dead and Earthquake Loads
U=0.9D+1.0E
13
Load factors
ACI 9.2
Symbols
14
Strength Reduction Factors ACI 9.3
According to ACI, strength reduction factors Φ are given as follows:
a. For tension-controlled sections Φ = 0.90
b. For compression-controlled
sections, Members with spiral Φ = 0.75
reinforcement Other reinforced Φ = 0.65
members Φ = 0.75
c. For shear and torsion
Tension-controlled section compression-controlled section
15
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 4
Analysis of beams in bending at service loads
Introduction
A beam is a structural member used to support the internal moments
and shears and in some cases torsion.
2
Basic Assumptions in Beam Theory
•Plane sections remain plane after bending. This means that in an initially straight
beam, strain varies linearly over the depth of the section after bending.
Its cross section

Unloaded beam
Beam after bending 3

Strain distribution
Basic Assumptions in Beam Theory
•The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same
level, i.e. εs = εc at same level.
• Concrete is assumed to fail in compression, when εc = 0.003.

•Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural strength.
•Perfect bond is assumed between concrete and steel.
4
Stages of flexural behavior
w {kN/m}
If load w varies from zero to until the beam fails, the beam will
go through three stages of behavior:
1. Uncracked concrete stage
2. Concrete cracked –Elastic Stress stage
3. Beam failure –Ultimate Strength stage
5
Stage I: Uncracked concrete stage
At small loads, when the tensile stresses are less than the
modulus of rupture, the beam behaves like a solid rectangular
beam made completely of concrete.
6
Stage II: Concrete cracked –Elastic Stress range
Once the tensile stresses reach the modulus of rupture, the
section cracks. The bending moment at which this
transformation takes place is called the cracking moment Mcr.
7
Stage III: Beam failure –Ultimate Strength stage
As the stresses in the concrete exceed the linear limit (0.45
fc’), the concrete stress distribution over the depth of the beam
varies non-linearly.
8
0.002 0.003
Stages of flexural behavior
w {kN/m}
9
Flexural properties to be determined:
1Cracking moment.
2 Elastic stresses due to a given moment.
3Moments at given (allowable) elastic stresses.
4- Ultimate strength moment (next lecture).
Note: In calculating stresses and moments (Parts 1 and 2),

you need to always check the maximum tensile stress with the
modulus of rupture to determine if cracked or uncracked
section analysis is appropriate.
10
Cracking moment Mcr
When the section is still uncracked, the contribution of the
steel to the strength is negligible because it is a very small
percentage of the gross area of the concrete.
Therefore, the cracking moment can be calculated using the

uncracked section properties.
11
Cracking moment Mcr
Example 1:
Calculate the cracking moment
for the section shown
750 mm
1500 mm2
1 3
I g  bh
12
1 3 10 4
I g  (350)(750)  1.230510 mm
12 fc 30MPa
fr  0.62 fc  0.62 30  3.4MPa
frI g 3.41.23051010
M cr    1.1143108 N.mm  111.43kN.m
yt (750 / 2)
12
Elastic stresses – Cracked section
• After cracking, the steel bars carry the entire
tensile load below the neutral surface. The
upper part of the concrete beam carries the
compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where
n = the modular ratio= Es/Ec
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x  n Asd  x  0
2
1 b x2
2
 n As x  n Asd  0
• The height of the concrete compression block is x.

• The normal stress in the concrete and steel
My My
fc  fs  n
It It 13
Example 2:
fc  30MPa
Calculate the bending stresses for the
section shown, M= 180 kN.m
Note: M > Mcr = 111 kN.m from previous 750 mm

example. Thus, section is cracked. 1500 mm2
E c  4700 f c  4700 30  25743MPa

5
n E  210
 7.77
s
E c 25743
x
( 350) x ( )  1500( 7.77)( 700  x )
2
x 185.16mm
14
Example 2:
1 fc  30MPa
I t  bx 3  nAs ( d  x ) 2
3
I t  ( 350)( 185.16) 3  7.771500( 700 185.16) 2
1
3
9 4
I t  3.829510 mm 750 mm
1500 mm2
My 180106 185.16
fc   9
 8.7MPa
It 3.829510
f c  8.7MPa  0.45f c  0.45( 30)  13.5MPa OK
My 180106 ( 700 185.16)
f s n  7.77 9
188MPa
It 3.829510
15
Example 3:
Calculate the allowable moment for the fc  30MPa
section shown, f s(allowable)= 180 MPa,
f c(allowable)= 12 MPa
f s It 1803.829510 9
Ms  
750 mm
1500 mm2
ny ( 7.77)( 700 185.16)
8
M s  1.723410 N .mm  172.34kN .m
f c I t 12 3.8295109
Mc  
y 185.16 
8
M c  2.481910 N .mm  248.19kN.m
M allowable  172.34kN.m
16
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 5
Strength analysis of beams according to ACI Code
Strength requirement for flexure in beams
Md  Mu
M d Design moment strength (also known as moment resistance)
M u Internal ultimate moment
M u  1.2M D 1.6M L
Md  Φ Mn
M n Theoretical or nominal resisting moment.
2
The equivalent stress (Whitney) block
Actual Approximate
Strain
Stress Distribution Stress Distribution
Distribution
3
•The shape of the
stress block is not
important.
•However, the
equivalent block must
provide the same
resultant (volume)
acting at the same
location (centroid).
•The Whitney block
has average stress
0.85fc’ and depth
a=1c. ACI 10.2.7.1
4
The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution has what

is known as the 1 coefficient. It relates the actual NAdepth to
the depth of the compression block by a=1c.
1 0.85 for f c ' 28 MPa ACI 10.2.7.1
1  0.85  0.05( fc '28)  0.65 for f c '  28 MPa 5
7
Derivation of beam expressions
Fx=0  C =T
6
7
Design aids can also be used:
Assume
Md = Mu = ΦMn
= Rn  Mn=R nbd2
Rn is given in tables and figures of design aids. 8
Design Aids
9
Design Aids
10
Tension strain in flexural members
f
y  y
Es
t   y ? Strain Distribution
11
Types of flexural failure:
Flexural failure may occur in three different ways
[1] Balanced Failure –

(balanced reinforcement)
[2] Compression Failure –

(over-reinforced beam)
[3] Tension Failure -

(under-reinforced beam)
12
[1] Balanced Failure
The concrete crushes and the steel yields simultaneously.
εcu=0.003
cb
d
h
εt = εy
b
Such a beam has a balanced reinforcement, its failure mode is

brittle, thus sudden, and is not allowed by the ACI Strength Design
Method.
13
[2] Compression Failure
The concrete will crush before the steel yields.
εcu=0.003
εcu=0.003
c>cb
c>cb
d
h d
h
ε <ε
b εt < εt y y
b
Such a beam is called over-reinforced beam, and its failure mode is

brittle, thus sudden, and is not allowed by the ACI Strength
Design Method.
14
[3] Tension Failure
The reinforcement yields before the concrete crushes.
εcu=0.003
εcu=0.003
c<cb
c<cb
d
h d
h
bb
Such a beam is called under-reinforced beam, and its failure mode is

ductile, thus giving a sufficient amount of warning before
collapse, and is required by the ACI Strength Design Method
15
Types of sections according to the ACI Code
[1] Tension-controlled section ACI 10.3.4
The tensile strain in the tension steel is equal to or greater than 0.005
when the concrete in compression reaches its crushing strain of
0.003. This is a ductile section.
[2] Compression-controlled section

The tensile strain in the tension steel is equal to or less than εy (εy =
fy/Es=0.002 for f y =420 MPa) when the concrete in compression
reaches its crushing strain of 0.003. This is a brittle section.
[3] Transition section

The tensile strain in the tension steel is between 0.005 and εy (εy
=fy/Es=0.002 for f y =420 MPa) when the concrete in compression
reaches its crushing strain of 0.003.
16
Allowed strains for sections in bending ACI 10.3.5
17
Strength reduction factor Φ
εcu=0.003
εt
d  c 
t  c
c
18
ACI R9.3.2.2
Balanced steel
cb  0.003
d
0.003  f y E S
5
Es  210 MPa
cb  600
d
600  f y
=1c
 0.85  1 f c '  600 


b    
fy  600  f y 
   19
Maximum allowed steel
c max  0.003
d
0.003  0.005
3
c max  d
8
3
=1c  1c max  d 1
8
3  0.85  1 f c ' 
 max 
8  fy 

20
Minimum steel allowed
ACI 10.5.1
 0.25 f c
 bw d
A s,min 
 max 
fy
 1.4 b d
 f
w
 y
bw = width of section
d = effective depth of section
21
Design Aids
22
Summary:
To calculate the moment capacity of a section:
0.25 f c
 bw d

 max 
fy
1-) As,min
 1.4 b d
 f
w
 y
if As,min > As,sup  reject section
As f y df y
2-) a  or a 
0.85f c b 0.85f c 
1 0.85 for f c ' 28 MPa

3-)
1  0.85  0.05( fc '28)  0.65 for fc'  28 MPa
7
a
4-) c 
1 23
Summary:
 d c 
5-) t   c  0.003
if t> 0.005: tension controlled  = 0.9
if 0.004 < t <0.005: in transition zone  =0.65+( t -0.002) (250/3)
if t < 0.004: compression controlled  reject section
d  a 
6-) M d  M n   As f y  
 2 
or Mn=Rnbd2 (find Rn from table)
7-) M u  ΦM n if not  reject section

24
Example
A singly reinforced concrete beam has the cross-section shown in the figure
below. Calculate the design moment strength. Can the section carry an
Mu = 350 kN.m?
f y  414MPa
a) f c   20.7MPa, b) f c   34.5MPa, c) f c   62.1MPa
25
Example
Solution
a) f c  20.7MPa
 0.25 f c 0.25 20.7
 bw d  (254)(457)=319 mm2
1 A s,min 
 max 
fy 414
 1.4
bw d 
1.4
(254)(457)=393 mm2
 fy 414

2
2
=393 mm < A s,sup =2580 mm OK
As f y 2580 414
2 a    239mm
0.85f cb 0.85 20.7 254
3 1  0.85 for f c '  20.7MPa  28 MPa

26
Example
Solution
a) f c  20.7MPa
4 c 
a 239
  281mm
1 0.85
d c   457  281  0.003  0.00186
5  t    0.003  
 c   281 
t  0.004 Section is compression controlled
==> Does not satisfy ACI requirements
==> Reject section
27
Example
Solution
b) f c  34.5MPa
 0.25 f c 0.25 34.5
 bw d  (254)(457)=412 mm2
1 A s,min 
 max 
fy 414
 1.4
bw d 
1.4
(254)(457)=393 mm2
 fy 414

2
2
=412 mm < A s,sup =2580 mm OK
As f y 2580 414
2 a    143.4mm
0.85f c b 0.8534.5 254
0.05( f c '  28)

3 1  0.85   0.65 for f c '  34.5MPa  28 MPa
7
1  0.85  0.05( 34.5  28)  0.804  0.65 28
7
Example
Solution
b) f c  34.5MPa
4 c 
a 143.4
  178.5mm
1 0.804
d c   457 178.5  0.003  0.00468

5  t    0.003  
 c   178.5 
0.004  t  0.005 Section is in transision zone
=0.65+(t -0.002)(250/3) =0.65+(0.00468-0.002)(250/3)=0.874
29
Example
Solution
b) f c  34.5MPa
d  a 
6 M d  M n   As f y  
 2 
 143.4 
 0.874 2850 414  457    360 106
N .mm
 2 
 360kN .m
7 M u  350kN .m  ΦM n  360kN .m
Section is adequate
39
Example
Solution
c) f c  62.1MPa
 0.25 f c 0.25 62.1

 bw d  (254)(457)=552 mm 2
1 A s,min 
 max 
f y 414
 1.4
bw d 
1.4
(254)(457)=393 mm2
 fy 414

2
2
=552 mm < A s,sup =2580 mm OK
As f y 2580 414
2 a    80mm
0.85f cb 0.85 62.1254
31
Example
Solution
c) f c  62.1MPa
0.05( f c '  28)

3 1  0.85   0.65 for f c '  62.1MPa  28 MPa
7
1  0.85  0.05( 62.1 28)  0.61  0.65
7
1  0.65
80
4 c 
a
 123mm
1 0.65
d c   457 123  0.003  0.0081

5  t    0.003  
 c   123 
t  0.005 Section is tension controlled
==> Satisfes ACI requirements ==>  =0.9 32
Example
Solution
c) f c  62.1MPa
d  a 
6 M d  M n   As f y  
 2 
 80 
 0.9 2850 414  457    520 106 N .mm
 2 
 520kN .m
7 M u  350kN .m  ΦM n  520kN .m
Section is adequate
33
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 6
Design of singly reinforced rectangular beams
Design of Beams For Flexure
The main two objectives of design is to satisfy the:
1) Strength and 2) Serviceability requirements
1) Strength
M d  Φ M n  Mu
M d Design moment strength (also known as moment resistance)
M u Internal ultimate moment
Mn Theoretical or nominal resisting moment.
M u  1.2M D 1.6M L
2
Derivation of design expressions h d
As
Assume
ΦMn = Mu b
Beam cross section
Solve for 
0.85 f c'  2M u 
ρ 

1 1
2 
 A s = bd
fy   0.85f c
' b d 
3
Remember: 1 kN.m = 106 N.mm
Design aids can also be used:
0.85 f c'  2M u 
ρ  1 1
fy   0.85f ' b d 2 
 c 
Calculate:
Then  is found from tables and figures of design aids.
4
Design Aids
5
2) Serviceability
The serviceability requirement ensures adequate performance
at service load without excessive deflection and cracking.
Two methods are given by the ACI for controlling deflections:

1) by calculating the deflection and comparing it with code
specified maximum values.
2) by using member thickness equal to the minimum values
provided in by the code as shown in the next slide.
6
Minimum Beam Thickness
ACI 9.5.2.2
hmin 
l = span length measured center to center of support.
h d
h  hmin As
b
7
Beam cross section
Detailing issues:
Concrete Cover
Concrete cover is necessary for protecting the reinforcement from
fire, corrosion, and other effects. Concrete cover is measured from
the concrete surface to the closest surface of steel reinforcement.
Side
cover
Bottom 8
ACI 7.7.1 cove
Detailing issues:
Spacing of Reinforcing Bars
•The ACI Code specifies limits for bar spacing to permit concrete to
flow smoothly into spaces between bars without honeycombing.
According to the ACI code, S  Smin must be satisfied,where:
bar diameter, d b
 ACI 7.6.1
S min  max 25 mm
4/3 maximum size of coarse aggregate

ACI 3.3.2
•When two or more layers are used, bars in
the upper layers are placed directly above
the bars in the bottom layer with clear distance Clear
distance
between layers not less than 25 mm.
ACI 7.6.2 Clear spacing S 9
Estimation of applied moments Mu
Beams are designed for maximum moments along the spans in both
negative and positive directions.
Positive moment Negative moment
Tension at bottom Tension at top

Needs bottom reinforcement Needs top reinforcement
10
The magnitude of each moment is found from structural analysis of the
beam. To find the moments in a continuous (indeterminate) beam, one
can use: (1) indeterminate structural analysis (2) structural analysis
software (3) ACI approximate method for the analysis.
Simply Supported Beams Continuous Beams

Determinate Indeterminate
–
+ +
11 Moment Diagram Moment Diagram

Simply Supported Beams Continuous Beams
–
+ +
Moment Diagram Moment Diagram
Section at midspan Section over support
12
Approximate Structural Analysis
ACI 8.3.3
ACI Code permits the use of the following approximate moments for
design of continuous beams, provided that:
• There are two or more spans.
• Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans
not greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent.
• Loads are uniformly distributed.
• Unfactored live load does not exceed three times the unfactored dead
load.
• Members are of similar section dimensions along their lengths
(prismatic).
13
ACI 8.3.3
More than two spans
1
4
Approximate Structural Analysis ACI 8.3.3
Two spans
l n = length of clear
span measured
face-to-face of
supports.
For calculating
negative moments,
l n is taken as the
average of the
adjacent clear span
lengths.
15
Design procedures
Method 1: When b and h are unknown
1Determine h (h>hmin from deflection control) and assume b.
 Estimate beam weight and include it with dead load.
2 Calculate the factored load wu and bending moment Mu.
3Assume that Φ=0.9 and calculate the reinforcement (ρ and As).
4- Check solution:
(a) Check spacing between bars
(b) Check minimum steel requirement
(c) Check Φ = 0.9 (tension controlled assumption)
(d) Check moment capacity (Md ≥ Mu ?)
5- Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement.
16
Design procedures
Method 2: When b and h are known
1Calculate the factored load wu and bending moment Mu.
2Assume that Φ=0.9 and calculate the reinforcement (ρ and As).
3- Check solution:
(a) Check spacing between bars
(b) Check minimum steel requirement
(c) Check Φ = 0.9 (tension controlled assumption)
(d) Check moment capacity (Md ≥ Mu ?)
4- Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement.
17
Example 1
Design a rectangular reinforced concrete beam having a 6 m simple span. A
service dead load of 25 kN/m (not including the beam weight) and a
service live load of 10 kN/m are to be supported.
Use fc’ =25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. wd=25 kN/m & wl =10 kN/m
6m
Solution:-
b & d are unknown
1 Estimate beam dimensions and weight wu=50.5 kN/m
hmin = l /16 =6000/16 = 375 mm
Assume that h = 500mm and b = 300mm 6m
Beam wt. = 0.5x0.3x25 = 3.75 kN/m
2 Calculate wu and Mu
wu = 1.2 D+1.6 L =1.2(25+3.75)+1.6(10)
227.3 kN.m
=50.5 kN/m
Mu = wul2/8 = 50.5(6)2/8 =227.3 kN.m
18
Example 1
3- Assume that Φ=0.9 and calculate ρ and As
d = 500 – 40 – 8 – (20/2) = 442 mm
(assuming one layer of Φ20mm reinforcement and Φ8mm stirrups)
0.85fc '  2M u 
ρ 1 1
fy  Φ 0.85f ' bd 2 
 c 
0.85(25)  2 227.3106 
ρ  1 1   0.0116
420  (0.9) 0.85(25) 300 (442) 2 
 
As = ρ b d = 0.0116(300)(442) =1536 mm2

Use 5 Φ 20 mm (As,sup=1571 mm2)
19
W Number of bars
mm N/m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 2.2 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226 254 283

8 3.9 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 6.2 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 8.9 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131
14 12.1 154 308 462 616 770 924 1078 1232 1385 1539
16 15.8 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011
18 19.9 254 509 763 1018 1272 1527 1781 2036 2290 2545
20 24.7 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
22 29.8 380 760 1140 1521 1901 2281 2661 3041 3421 3801
24 35.5 452 905 1357 1810 2262 2714 3167 3619 4072 4524
25 38.5 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
26 41.7 531 1062 1593 2124 2655 3186 3717 4247 4778 5309
28 45.4 616 1232 1847 2463 3079 3695 4310 4926 5542 6158
30 55.4 707 1414 2121 2827 3534 4241 4948 5655 6362 7069
32 63.1 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042 20
Example 1
4- Check solution
5Φ20
a) Check spacing between bars
300  2 40  28  5 20
sc   26 mm  d b  20 mm
51 300
 25 mm OK
b) Check minimum steel requirement
 0.25 f c 0.25 25
 bw d  (300)(442)=395 mm2
A s,min 
 max 
fy 420
 1.4
bw d 
1.4
(300)(442)=442 mm2
 fy 420

2
2
=442 mm < A s,sup =1571 mm OK
21
Example 1
c) Check Φ =0.9 (tension controlled assumption)
As f y 1571420
a   103.5mm
0.85 f c 'b 0.85(25)300
a 103.5
1 0.85 for f c '  25MPa  28 MPa  c    121.7 mm
β1 0.85
dc  442 121.7  0.003  0.0079  0.005
ε t    0.003   
 c   121.7 
for ε t  0.005  Φ  0.90, the assumption is true the section is tension controlled
d) Check moment capacity

 a
M d  ΦA sf y  d  
 2
 0.901571 420  442 

103.5 
  231.710 N.mm = 231.7 kN.m
6
 2 
M d  231.7 kN.m  M u  227.3 kN.m OK 22
Example 1
5- Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement
50 44.2
5Φ20
30
Beam cross section
23
Example 2
The rectangular beam B1 shown in the figure has b = 800mm and h =
316mm. Design the section of the beam over an interior support. Columns
have a cross section of 800x300 mm. The factored distributed load over the
slab is qu =14.4 kN/m2.
Use fc’ =25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
L1 = L2 = L3 = 6 m
S 1 = S 2= S 3 = 4 m
B1
Solution:
b & d are known
1- Calculate wu and Mu
wu=4(14.4) = 57.6 kN/m
ln = 6 – 0.3=5.7 m
wu
24
Example 2
Moment diagram using the approximate ACI method:
Design for the maximum negative moment throughout the beam:
Mu = wu(ln )2/10 = 57.6 (5.7)2/10

Mu = 187.5 kN.m
25
Example 2
2- Assume Φ=0.9 and calculate ρ and As
d = 316 – 40 – (16/2) – 8 = 260 mm
(assuming one layer of Φ16 mm reinforcement and Φ8mm stirrups)
0.85fc'  2M u 
ρ 1 1
fy  Φ 0.85f ' bd 2 
 c 
0.85(25)  2187.5106 
ρ 1 1   0.0102
420  2 
(0.9)0.85(25)800(260) 

As= ρ b d = 0.0102(800)(260) = 2120 mm2
Use 11 Φ16 mm (As,sup =11[(16)2/4]=2212 mm2)

26
Example 2
3- Check solution
a) Check spacing between bars
800  2 40  28 1116
sc   52.8 mm  d b  16 mm
111
 25 mm OK
b) Check minimum steel requirement
0.25 f c 0.25 25
 bw d  (800)(260)=620 mm2
 max 
fy 420
A s,min
 1.4
bw d 
1.4
(800)(260)=693 mm2
 fy 420

2
=693 mm2 < A s,sup =2212 mm OK
27
Example 2
c) Check Φ =0.9
As f y 2212 420
a   55mm
0.85 f c 'b 0.85(25)800
a 55
1 0.85 for f c '  25MPa  28 MPa  c    64 mm
β1 0.85
dc  260  64  0.003  0.0091  0.005
ε t    0.003   
 c   64 
for ε t  0.005  Φ  0.90, the assumption is true the section is tension controlled
d) Check moment capacity

 a
M d  ΦA sf y  d  
 2
 0.9 2212 420  260    194.5106 N.mm=194.5 kN.m

55
 2 
M d  194.5 kN.m  M u  187.5 kN.m OK 28
Example 2
4- Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement
11Φ16
316 260
800
29
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 7
Design of T and Lbeams
T Beams
Reinforced concrete systems may consist of slabs and dropped
beams that are placed monolithically. As a result, the two parts act
together to resist loads. The beams have extra widths at their tops
called flanges, which are parts of the slabs they are supporting, and
the part below the slab is called the web or stem.
Flange
web
2
Flange Width b
Parts of the slab near the webs are more highly stressed than areas
away from the web.
effective flange effective flange

width be width be
hf
d
stirrup
bw bw
L-beam T-beam
d: effective depth. hf : height of flange.

bw : width of web. be : effective width.
3
b: distance from center to center of adjacent web spacings
Effective Flange Width be
be is the width that is stressed uniformly to give the same compression

force actually developed in the compression zone of width b.
4
ACI Code Provisions for Estimating be ACI 8.12.2
According to the ACI code, the effective flange width of a T-beam,
be is not to exceed the smallest of:
1. One-fourth the span length of the beam, L/4.
2. Width of web plus 16 times slab thickness, bw +16 hf .
3. Center-to-center spacing of beams, b.
L/4

b eff  min bw +16hf
b

5
ACI Code Provisions for Estimating be ACI 8.12.3
According to the ACI code, the effective flange width of an L-beam,
be is not to exceed the smallest of:
1. bw + L/12.
2. bw + 6 hf .
3. bw + 0.5(clear distance to next web).
bw  L /12

b eff  min bw  6hf
b  0.5b
 w c
6
A T-beam does not have to look like a T
7
Various Possible Geometries of T-Beams
Single Tee
Double Tee
Box
8
Various Possible Geometries of T-Beams
Flange Flange
web web
Same as
9
T- versus Rectangular Sections
If the neutral axis falls within the slab depth: analyze the beam as a
rectangular beam, otherwise as a T-beam.
10
T- versus Rectangular Sections
When T-beams are subjected to negative moments, the flange is
located in the tension zone. Since concrete strength in tension is
usually neglected in ultimate strength design, the sections are treated
as rectangular sections of width bw.
When sections are subjected to positive moments, the flange is

located in the compression zone and the section is treated as a T-
section.
Tension
Compression zone zone
–
+ +
Section at midspan Section at support
11
Moment Diagram Positive moment Negative moment
Analysis of T-beams
Case 1: when a ≤ hf [Same as rectangular section]
TC
Asf y  a
a ΦM n  ΦA sf y  d  
0.85f c b e  2
12
Analysis of T-beams
Case 2: when a > hf
C f  0.85f c be bw hf

Cw  0.85 f c bw a
T  As f y
From equilibrium of forces
T  C f C w
As f y  0.85f c be bw hf
a
0.85f c bw
  a  h 
ΦM n  Φ C w  d    C f  d  f 
  2  2 
13
Minimum Reinforcement, As,min
ACI 10.5.2
be
+ve Moment
hf
d
 0.25 f c As
 bw d
A s,min 
 max 
fy bw
 1.4 b d
 f
w be
 y
As hf
-ve Moment
d
bw
14
Analysis procedure for calculating he ultimate strength of T-beams
To calculate the moment capacity of a T-section:
1 Calculate be
2 Check As,sup> As,min
3 Assume a ≤ hf and calculate a using:
Asf y
a
0.85fc b e
If a ≤ hf → a is correct
A s f y  0.85f c be  bw hf

If a > hf → a 
0.85f c bw
4- Calculate 1, c, and check εt

5- Calculate ΦMn, and check M u  ΦM n
15
Example 1
Calculate Md for the T-Beam:

hf = 150 mm
d = 400 mm As = 5000mm2
fy = 420MPa fc’= 25MPa
bw= 300mm L = 5.5m
b=2.15m
Determine be according to ACI requirements
 L  5500  1370mm
4 4

be  min  16hf  b w  16 150  300=2700mm
b  2150 mm
 16

Example 1
Check min. steel

 0.25 f ' 
A s,min max 
1.4  0.25 25 300 400 ; 1.4 300400
w d   max  
c
b w
d ; b
 f y fy   420 420 
A s,min  400 mm  A  5000 mm 2 OK
2
s,sup
Calculate a (assuming a<hf) and check the strain in the steel t
a
Asf y

 5000420
 71.9mm  hf  150mm  OK
0.85f c b e 0.85251370
a 71.9
c   85 mm
1 0.85
 s   d c  0.003   400  85  0.003  0.011  0.005 Tension controled

 c   85 
17
Example 1
Calculate Md
 a
M d  As f y  d  
 2
 0.9 5000420 400 

71.8 

 2 
 688106 N.mm  688 kN.m
18
Example 2
Determine the ACI design moment strength Md (ΦMn) of the T-beam

shown in the figure if fc’ =25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
90
10
Solution:- Φ10
h= 75
1- Check min. steel
25
d  750-40-10-32-  655.5mm 8Φ32
2
0.25 f ' 1.4  30
A s,min  max  c
bw d ; bw d
 f y fy 
 0.25 
A s,min max  25 1.4
300 655.5 ; 300 655.5 
 420 420 
A s,min  656 mm 2
 A  6434 mm 2
OK
s,sup
19
Example 2
2- Check if a < hf = 10cm
Asf y 6434 420

a  141.3mm 90
0.85fc b e 0.85 25 900
10
Φ10
h= 75
a= 141.3> hf = 100 mm
i.e. assumption is wrong
8Φ32
Section is T  NA is in the web 30
20
Example 2
3- Calculate 1, c, and check εt
A s f y - 0.85f c be bw hf

a
0.85f c bw
6434 420  0.85 25900  300100
a  224mm
0.85 25 300
a 224
c   264 mm
β1 0.85
 d  c  0.003   655.5  264  0.003
 εt     
 c   264 
ε t  0.00447  0.004  0.005  Transision zone
=0.65+(t -0.002)(250/3) =0.65+(0.00447-0.002)(250/3)=0.855

21
Example 2
4- Calculate Md
Cf  0.85fc' (be  b w ) h f  0.85 25900  300100  127510 3N  1275 kN
3
Cw  0.85fc' a b w  0.85 25 224 300  1427.4 10 N  1427.4 kN
  a  hf  
M d  Φ C w   C f  
 2 
d d
  2  
  224  3 100  
 0.855 1427.4 10 3  655.5   127510  655.5  
  2   2 
 1323.4106 N .mm  1323.4 kN .m
22
Design of T-Beams --- Positive moment
To analyze the section, the steel is divided in two portions: (1) Asf, which provides a
tension force in equilibrium with the compression force of the overhanging flanges, and
providing a section with capacity Muf and (2) Asw, the remaining of the steel, providing
a section with capacity Muw.
M u  M uf  M u w
Mu : Ultimate moment applied, requiring steel As.

23 Muf : Moment resisted by overhanging flange parts, requiring steel Asf.
Muw : Moment resisted by web, requiring steel Asw.
Step 1
24 24 Step 2
M u  M uf  M u w Muw  Mu  Muf Step 3
 2M uw 
  0.85 f c ' 1 1  Step 4
fy   0.85f c ' bw d 2
 
Asw   bw d Step 5
As  Asf  Asw Step 6

25
Design of L-Beams --- Positive moment
be be
Same as
bw
26
Design of T-Beams --- Negative moment
be
bw
Design as a rectangular
section with width bw
27
Flange Reinforcement
When flanges of T-beams are in tension, part of the flexural
reinforcement shall be distributed over effective flange width, or a
width equal to one-tenth of the span, whichever is smaller
Additional Additional
Reinforcement min (beff & l/10)
Reinforcement
Main Reinforcement
-ve moment
If beff > l/10, some longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in

outer portions of
flange.
Design Procedure:
1 Establish h based on serviceability requirements of the slab and calculate d
2 Choose bw
3 Determine be according to ACI requirements.
4 Calculate As assuming that a < hf with beam width = be & Φ=0.90
0.85f c'  2M u  b e
ρ 1 1 
fy  Φ 0.85f ' b d 2  hf
 c e  d
As fy As
As = ρ be d → a
0.85f c ' b e bw
5 If a ≤ hf: the assumption is right  continue as rectangular section
If a > hf: revise As using T-beam equations (steps 1-6).
6 Check the Φ=0.90 assumption (εt ≥0.005) and As,sup ≥ As,min
29
Example 3
A floor system consists of a 14.0cm
concrete slab supported by continuous
T-beams with a span L. Given that
bw=30cm and d=55cm, fc’ =28 MPa and
fy = 420 MPa.
Lm
Determine the steel required at
midspan of an interior beam to resist
a service dead load moment 320
kN.m and a service live load moment
3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m
250 kN.m in the following two cases:
hf Slab
(A) L = 8 m
Spandrel
(B) L = 2 m beam
bw
39
Solution (A) L = 8 m 200
14
784 kN.m
Determine be according to ACI requirements 55
As
 L 8000
 4  4  2000mm 30

be  min 16hf bw  16 140  300=2540mm
 b  3000 mm


be is taken as 2000 mm, as shown in the figure
Calculate As assuming that a < hf with beam width = be & Φ=0.90
Mu = 1.2(320)+1.6(250)=784 kN.m
 2M u 
  0.85f c '  1- 1- 
fy  0.85f ' b d 2
 c e 
31
Solution (A) L = 8 m 200
14

784 kN.m
0.85 28  278410 6 55
ρ 1 1 
420   2 
0.90.85282000550 
As
30
 0.00354
2
As  ρ be d  0.00354 2000 550  3892 mm
Check a ≤ hf assumption
As f y 3892420
a   34.3mm  h f 140mm
0.85f c 'b e 0.85 28 2000
The assumption is right  Rectangular section design
Use 8Φ25mm (As,sup= 3927 mm2) arranged in two layers.
300  2 40  28  4 25
sc   34.5 mm  d b  25 mm
41
32  25 mm OK
Solution (A) L = 8 m
Check the Φ=0.90 assumption (εt ≥0.005) and As,sup ≥ As,min
 0.25 f ' 
max 
1.4  0.25 28 300 550 ; 1.4 300 550
w d   max  
c
A s ,min b w
d ; b
 f y fy   420 420 
A s,min  550 mm 2  A  3927 mm 2 OK
s,sup
As f y 3927 420 200

a   34.7 mm
14
0.85 f c 'b e 0.85 28 2000
55
a 34.7
c   40.8 mm 8Φ25
β1 0.85 30
 dc  550  40.8 
εt    0.003    0.003
 c   40.8 
33  0.0374  0.005    0.9 OK
Solution (A) L = 8 m
Check moment capacity
 a
M d   As f y  d  
 2
 0.93927 420 550 

34.7 

 2 
6
Md  790.710 N.mm  790.7 kN.m  M u  784kN.m
200
14
55 8Φ25
30
34
Solution (B) L = 2 m 50
14
784 kN.m
Determine be according to ACI requirements 55
 L  2000  500mm As
4 4 30

be  min 16hf  bw  16 140  300=2540mm
 b  3000 mm


be is taken as 500 mm, as shown in the figure
Calculate As assuming that a < hf with beam width = be & Φ=0.90
Mu = 1.2(320)+1.6(250)=784 kN.m
 2M u 
  0.85f c ' 1 1
fy   0.85f ' b d 2 
 c e 
35
Solution (B) L = 2 m 50
14
784 kN.m
0.85 28  278410 6 55
ρ 1 1 
420   0.90.8528500550 2  As
30
 0.0159
A  ρ b d  0.0159500 550  4389 mm 2
s e
Check a ≤ h assumption
f
As f y 4389 420
a   155mm > h f 140mm
0.85f c ' be 0.8528500
The assumption is wrong T section design
36
Solution (B) L = 2 m
50
14
Calculate required reinforcement
55
0.85f c '( b bw ) hf
A sf 
fy 30
0.85( 28)( 500  300 )140

A sf   1586mm 2
420
h 
M uf  A s f y  d  f 
 2 
 0.91586 420  550 

140 
  28810 N .m
6
 2 
6 6 6
M uw  M u  M u f  78410  28810  49610 N .m
37
Solution (B) L = 2 m
 2M u 
  0.85f c ' 1 1 
fy   0.85f c ' bw d 2
 
0.85( 28)  2( 496) 106 

 1 1   0.017
( 420) 
 0.9 0.85( 28) ( 300) ( 550) 2 

50
  b d  0.017( 300)( 550)  2808mm 2
14
A
sw w
55
2 8Φ28
As  Asf  Asw  1586  2808  4395mm
30
Use 8Φ28 mm (As,sup= 4926mm2) arranged in two layers.
Check solution: (Do as in Example 2) 38

Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 8
Design of doubly reinforced beams
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Beams having steel reinforcement on both the tension and
compression sides are called doubly reinforced sections. Doubly
reinforced sections are useful in the case of limited cross sectional
dimensions being unable to provide the required bending strength.
Increasing the area of reinforcement makes the section brittle.
2
Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement
1 Increased strength.
2 Increased ductility.
3 Reduced sustained load deflections due to shrinkage and creep.
4 Ease of fabrication. Use corner bars to hold & anchor stirrups.
3
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Divide the section:
Mn Mn2 Mn1
To analyze the section, the tension steel is divided in two portions: (1) As2, which is in
equilibrium with the compression steel, and providing a section with capacity Mn2 and
(2) As1, the remaining of the tension steel, providing a section with capacity Mn1.
4
Find As1 and As2:
T s 2  Cs  As 2f y  Asf s
Asf s
As 2  We need f s’ to find A s2
fy
5
As  A s1  As 2  A s1  As  As 2
Find fs’:
s   c  d   0.003 c
 c 
c d  
f s  s Es  
   0.003Es f y
 c 
5
E s  2 10 MPa
6
Find c:
T  C c Cs
As f y  0.85f cab  Asf s

c d  
As f y  0.85f c1cb  As   0.003Es
 c 
7 find c by solving the quadratic equation  find fs’ from equation in slide 6
Find Md:
  d - a   A f  d - d ' 
M d  M n   A s 1f y   s s  
  2 
8
Procedure:
c d  
1) As f y  0.85f c1cb As   0.003Es find c, a
 c 
c d  
2) 
fs   0.003Es f y
 c 
3) A s 2  Asf s
fy
4) As 1  As  As 2
 d c 
5) Check if  = 0.9  s   c  0.003  0.005?
 
M d  M n   A s 1f y  d -   A s f s d - d ' 
a
6)
  2 
9
Example 1
For the beam with double reinforcement shown in the figure,
calculate the design moment Md. 5.0
fc’ =35MPa and fy = 420 MPa. 2Φ25
60
6Φ32
Solution:-
30
1  0.85  0.05( f c '  28)  0.65 for f c '  35MPa  28 MPa
7
1  0.85  0.05( 35  28)  0.8  0.65
7
c d  
As f y  0.85f c 1cb  As 
   0.003Es
 c 
c  50 
10 4825(420)  0.85(35)(0.8)c(300)  982   0.003(210 5
)
 c 
Example 1
c  50 
4825(420)  0.85(35)(0.8)c(300)  982  5
0.003(210 )
 c 
229.5c 2 1437300c  29460000  0 5.0
c  220mm 2Φ25
a  1c  0.8 220  176mm 60
6Φ32
c d  
f s    0.003Es  f y
 c  30
220  50 
f s    0.003(210 5
)  463  f y  420MPa
 220 
f s  f y  420
11
Example 1
5.0
2Φ25
Asf s 982(420)
As 2    982mm 2 60
fy (420) 6Φ32
2
A s1  As  As 2  4825  982  3843mm
30
 d c 
s    0.003  0.005?
 c 
 s   600  220  0.003  0.0052  0.005 Tension Controlled ,  0.9

 220 
  d - a   A f  d - d ' 
M d  M    A s 1f y   s s  

n
  2 
 
M d  0.9 3843( 420)  600 
176 
  982( 420)  600  50  
  2  
12 6
M d  94810 N .mm  948kN .m
Maximum allowed steel for a singly reinforced section
c max  0.003
d
0.003  0.005
3
c max  d
8
3
=1c  1c max  d 1
8
3  0.85  1 f c ' 
 max   
8 fy 
3  0.85 1f c ' 
A s ,max  

bd
8  fy 
13
Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
1) Design the section as singly reinforced, and calculate t
2) If t < 0.004 Comp. steel is needed (or enlarge section if possible)

3) Design As1 for maximum reinforcement (slide 13) and find Mn1, a, c
4) M n  M u

5) Mn2 = Mn – Mn1
c d  
6) f s  sEs    0.003Es f y
 c 
Mn2 Asf s
7) A s   A  As  As 1  A s 2
f s(d d ) fy  14
s2
Example 2
Design the beam shown in the figure to resist Mu=1225 kN.m. If
compression steel is required, place it 70 mm from the compression
face.
fc’ =21 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
Solution:
Try first to design the section as a singly reinforced section:
0.85fc '  2M u 
ρ 1 1
fy  Φ 0.85f ' bd 2 
 c 
0.85(21)  21225106 
ρ 1 1   0.0284
420  (0.9) 0.85(21)350 (700) 2 
 
As= ρ b d = 0.0284(350)(700) = 6947 mm2
15 Use 10 Φ32 mm in two rows (As,sup =7069 mm2)
Example 2
Check the ductility of the singly reinforced section:
As f y 7069 420 a 475
a   475mm  c   559mm
0.85f c ' b 0.85(21)350 1 0.85
dc  700  559  0.003  0.00076  0.004
ε t    0.003   
 c   559 
 Section is brittle!  can not be used.
 Use compression reinforcement.
Mu 1225
Mn   1361kN .m
 0.9
3  0.85 1f c '  3 0.85( 0.85)( 21) 
A s 1  A s ,max   bd    ( 350)( 700)
8  fy 
8 ( 420) 
16
A s 1  3307mm 2
Example 2
As f y 3307( 420)
a   222.3mm
0.85f cb 0.85( 21)( 350)
a 222.3
c   261.55mm
1 0.85
M n1  A s f y  d -   ( 3307)( 420)( 700 

a 222.3
)
 2 2
6
M n1  81810 N .mm  818kN .m
Mn2 = Mn – Mn1 = 1361 – 818 = 543 kN.m
17
Example 2
c d  
f s    0.003Es  f y
 c 
261.55  70 
f s    0.003(210 )  439MPa  f
5
y  420MPa
 261.55 
f s  f y  420
Mn 2 543106
A s    2052mm 2
f s(d  d ) 420(700  70)
Asf s (2052)(420)
As 2    2052mm 2
fy (420)
A s  A s 1  A s 2  3307  2052  5359mm 2
2
Use 830 in two rows for tension steel (A s,sup = 5655 mm )
2
18 Use 426 for compression steel (A s,sup = 2124 mm )
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 9
Design of beams for shear
Shear Design vs Moment Design
Beams are usually designed
for bending moment first.
Accordingly, cross sectional
dimensions are determined
along with the required
amounts of longitudinal
reinforcement.
Once this is done, sections are

checked for shear to determine
whether shear reinforcement
is required or not.
2
Shear Design vs Moment Design
This by no means indicates that shear is less important than

bending. On the contrary, shear failure which is usually
initiated by diagonal tension, is far more dangerous than
flexural failure due to its brittle nature. It occurs without
warning. Therefore, beams are designed to rather fail in
bending. This is done by providing larger safety factor
against shear failure than those provided for bending.
3
Shear and flexural stresses
In linearly elastic beams, two types of stresses occur:
Flexural stresses:
Shear stresses:
An element of a beam not on the NA or an extreme fiber is

subjected to both stress types combined
4
Shear and flexural stresses
The combined stress (called principal stresses) are calculated

as:
which act on a direction inclined with respect to the beam

axis by the angle:
5
Shear and cracks in beams
6
7 7
Types of Shear Cracks
Two types of inclined cracking occur in beams:
1- Web Shear Cracks
Web shear cracking begins from an interior point in a member at the level of
the centroid of the uncracked section and moves on a diagonal path to the
tension face when the diagonal tensile stresses produced by shear exceed the
tensile strength of concrete.
2- Flexure-Shear Cracks
The most common type, develops from the tip of a flexural crack at the tension
side of the beam and propagates towards mid depth until it reaches the
compression side of the beam.
8
It is concluded that the shearing force acting on a vertical
section in a reinforced concrete beam does not cause direct
rupture of that section. Shear by itself or in combination with
flexure may cause failure indirectly by producing tensile
stresses on inclined planes. If these stresses exceed the
relatively low tensile strength of concrete, diagonal cracks
develop. If these cracks are not checked, splitting of the beam
or what is known as diagonal tension failure will take place.
9
Failure by shear in beams
10
Types of Shear Reinforcement
The code allows the use of three types of Shear Reinforcement
• Vertical stirrups
• Inclined stirrups
• Bent up bars
Inclined Stirrups Vertical Stirrups
Bent up bars
11
Designing to Resist Shear
The strength requirement for shear that has to be satisfied is:
ΦVn  Vu ACI Eq. 11-1

Vu = factored shear force at section
Vn = nominal shear strength
Φ = strength reduction factor for shear = 0.75
The nominal shear force is generally resisted by concrete and shear
reinforcement:
Vn  Vc  Vs ACI Eq. 11-2
Vc = nominal shear force resisted by concrete
Vs = nominal shear force resisted by shear reinforcement
12
Strength of Concrete in Shear
For members subject to shear Vu and bending Mu only, ACI Code

gives the following equation for calculating Vc
Simple formula
Vc  0.17 f c ' bw d ACI Eq. 11-3
Detailed formula
 Vu d 
Vc  0.16 f c ' 17 w bw d  0.29 fc ' bw d ACI Eq. 11-5
 Mu 
As
where w 
b wd
13
Strength of Concrete in Shear
For members subject to axial compression Nu plus shear Vu, ACI
Code gives the following equation for calculating Vc
 N 
Vc  0.17  1  u  f c' b wd ACI Eq. 11-4
 14Ag 
 
For members subject to axial tension Nu plus shear Vu, ACI Code
gives the following equation for calculating Vc
 0.29N u 
Vc  0.17 1   fc' b w d ACI Eq. 11-8
 A 
14
 g 
Designing to Resist Shear
To find the force required to be resisted by shear reinforcement:
Vu  ΦVn
Vn  Vc  Vs
Vu
Vs  V c

15
Three cases of shear requirement:
Case 1:
For Vu ≥ ΦVc  shear reinforcement is required
Case 2:
For Vu ≥0.50ΦVc  minimum shear reinforcement is required
Case 3:
For Vu < 0.50ΦVc  no shear reinforcement isrequired
16
Design of Stirrups
Shear reinforcement required when
Vu   Vc V s  V u V c

ACI 11.4.7.1
The bar size of the stirrups is established and the spacing is calculated:
Avf yd Afd
Vs  s  v y
ACI Eq. 11-15
s Vs
For inclined stirrups (with angle )
Av f y d sin α cos α  Av fy d sinαcos α
Vs  s ACI Eq. 11-16
s Vs
where A v = the area of shear reinforcement within spacing s (for a 2-legged stirrup in
a beam: A v = 2 times the area of the stirrup bar). 17
ACI 11.4.6.1
Minimum Amount of Shear Reinforcement
1
Minimum Shear Reinforcement (Av,min) required when Vu   Vc
2
bw s bw s
Av min  0.062 f c '  0.35 ACI Eq. 11-13
f ys f ys
 Av f ys Av f ys 
 s=min  ; 
 0.062 f c ' bw 0.35 bw 
except in:
(a)Footings and solid slabs
(b) Concrete joist construction
(c) Beams with h not greater than 250 mm
(d)Beams integral with slabs with h not greater than 600 mm and
not greater than the larger of 2.5 times the thickness of flange, and
0.5 times width of web. 18
Spacing limits for Shear Reinforcement
If V s  0.33 f c bw d  s max  min  d ;600mm 
2 
ACI 11.4.5
If V s  0.33 f c bw d  s max  min  d ;300mm 
4 
Upper limit for Vs

ACI Code requires that the maximum force resisted by shear
reinforcement Vs is as follows
V s  0.66 f c ' bw d ACI 11.4.7.9
If this condition is not satisfied 

Section dimensions must be increased
19
Critical Section for Shear ACI 11.1.3.1
Critical section for shear may be taken a distance d away from the
face of the support if:
(a)Support reaction, introduces compression into the end regions of member;
(b) Loads are applied at or near the top of the member;
(c)No concentrated load occurs between face of support and location of critical
section.
20
Critical Section for Shear ACI 11.1.3.1
Critical section for shear may be taken a distance d away from the
face of the support as in cases (a) and (b), but must be taken at face
of the support as in cases (c) and (d).
21
ACI 8.3.3
ACI Code permits the use of the following approximate shears for design
of continuous beams, provided:
load.
(prismatic).
22
ACI 8.3.3
More than two spans
23
ACI 8.3.3
Two spans
span measured
face-to-face of
supports.
24
Summary of ACI Shear Design Procedure for Beams
1Draw the shearing force diagram and establish the critical section
for shear Vu.
2 Calculate the nominal capacity of concrete in shear Vs.
Vc  0.17 f c ' bw d
3- Calculate the force required to be resisted by shear reinforcement
V
V s  u V c

4- Check the code limit on V s
Vu
Vs  V c  0.66 f c ' bw d

If this condition is not satisfied, the concrete dimensions should be
increased.
25
Summary of ACI Shear Design Procedure for Beams
5- Classify the factored shearing forces acting on the beam according
to the following
* For Vu < 0.50ΦVc , no shear reinforcement isrequired.
* For Vu ≥ 0.50ΦVc , minimum shear reinforcement is required
 s=min  ; 
0.062 f c 'bw 0.35 b w 
*For Vu ≥ ΦVc , shear reinforcement is required (in addition, check min shear)
Af d
For vertical
 v y Av f y d sin α cos α
stirrups
s For inclined
s
Vs stirrups Vs
6- Maximum spacing smax must be checked
If V s  0.33 f c bw d  s max  min  d ;600mm 
2 
d 
26 If V s  0.33 f c bw d  s max  min  ;300mm 
4 
Example
A rectangular beam has the dimensions shown in the figure and is
loaded with a uniform service dead load of 40 kN/m (including own
weight of beam) and a uniform service live load of 25 kN/m.
Design the necessary shear reinforcement given that fc’ =28 MPa and
fy=420 MPa. Width of support is equal to 30 cm.
wD=40 kNm & wL=25 kN/m
60
0.3m 0.3m
30
7.0 m
27
Example
Solution:
wu=1.2(40)+1.6(25)=88 kN/m
Assuming Φ8 mm stirrups and
Φ20 mm flexural steel,
d=60-4-0.8-1.0=54.2 cm 0.3m
54.2
7.0 m
308 kN 247.1 kN
1- Draw shearing force diagram:
Critical section for shear is located
at a distance of d = 54.2 cm from the face 308 kN
of support.
Vu,critical is equal to 247.1 kN.
28
Example
2- Calculate the shear capacity of concrete:
V c  0.17 f c ' bw d  0.17 28  300  542  146.3  10 3 N  146.3kN
 V c  0.75  144.2kN  109.7kN
V c
 54.85 kN
2
3- Calculate the force required to be resisted by shear reinforcement Vs.
Vu
Vs  V c  247.1 146.3  183.2kN
 0.75
4- Check the code limit on V s :
0.66 f c ' bw d  0.66 28  300  542  567.9103 N  567.9kN
V s  183.2kN  0.66 f c ' bw d  567.9kN OK

29
Example
5- Classify the factored shear force:
Vu= 247.1 kN > ΦVc = 109.7 kN, shear reinforcement is required.
The beam can be designed to resist shear based on Vu= 247.1 kN over the
entire span. However, to reduce reinforcement cost, the beam will not be
designed for this shear over the entire span. The span will rather be divided
into zones of different shear demands as shown below
308 kN
247.1 kN
ΦVc=109.7 kN
Zone C 0.5ΦVc=54.85 kN
Zone B
Zone A
0.61 m
1.23 m
30
Example
Zone (A): [ Vu ≤ 0.5ΦVc ]
No shear reinforcement is required, but it is recommended to use minimum
area of shear reinforcement.
Try Φ8 mm vertical stirrups
s=min  ; 
 0.062 f c ' bw 0.35 bw 
 2(50)  420 2(50) 420 
s  min   427mm ;  400mm   s  400mm
 0.0062 28  300 0.35  300 
Maximum stirrup spacing is not to exceed the smaller of d/2 = 271 mm or

600mm. So, use Φ8 mm vertical stirrups spaced at 250 mm.
31
Example
Zone (B): [ΦVc > Vu > 0.5ΦVc ]

minimum shear reinforcement is required.
use Φ8 mm vertical stirrups spaced at 25 cm (Calculated from Zone A).
Zone (C): [Vu > ΦVc ]

V s  183.2kN
Trying two-legged Φ8 mm vertical stirrups,
Af d 2  50  420  542
s v y
  125mm
Vs 183.2 10 3
32
Example
Check maximum stirrup spacing:
0.33 f c ' bw d  0.33 28  300  542  284kN  V s  183.2kN

Maximum stirrup spacing is not to exceed the smaller of d/2 = 271 mm or
600mm.
Check with minimum stirrup requirement:

smax =min  ; 
 0.062 f c 'bw 0.35 bw 
 2(50)  420 2(50) 420 
s max  min   427mm ;  400mm   400mm
 0.062 28  300 0.35  300 
So, use Φ8 mm vertical stirrups spaced at 12 cm.
33
Example
308 kN
247.1 kN
ΦVc=109.7 kN Φ8@25 60
Zone C 0.5ΦVc=54.85 kN
Φ8@12 Zone B Zone A
Φ8@25 Φ8@25 30
0.61 m Section in zones A&B
1.23 m
Φ8@12 60
30
Φ8@12 Φ8@25
Section in zone C
34
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 10
Design of slabs
Introduction
A slab is a structural element whose thickness is small compared to
its own length and width.
t  L ,S zS
t t
Lx
Slabs in buildings are usually used to transmit the loads on floors and
roofs to the supporting beams Loads
Beam Beam Column
Slab Beam
Column Beam Beam
Footing
Slab
Beam Beam
Soil
2
Introduction
Slabs are flexural members. Their flexure strength requirement may
be expressed by
Mu   M n
Types of Slabs
Solid slabs :- which are divided into
- One way solid slabs One-way slab
- Two way solid slabs
Ribbed slabs :- which are divided into

- One way ribbed slabs
- Two way ribbed slabs Two-way slab
3
Solid Slab
L
Two way slab L 2 One-way slab 2
S S
Ribbed Slab (joist construction)
4 Two way slab One-way slab

Ribbed slab with hollow blocks
5
Ribbed slab with hollow blocks
6
One-way solid slabs
A one-way solid slab curves under loads in one direction only.
Accordingly, slabs supported on two opposite sides only and slabs
supported on all four sides, but L/S ≥ 2 are classified as one-way
slabs.
shrinkage Reinft.
Main Reinft.
Main reinforcement is placed in the shorter direction, while the

longer direction is provided with shrinkage reinforcement to limit
cracking.
7
Two-way solid slabs
A two-way solid slab curves under loads in two directions.
Accordingly slabs supported on all four sides, and L/S < 2 are
classified as two-way slabs.
Main Reinft.
S
Main Reinft.
Bending will take place in the two directions in a dish-like form.

Accordingly, main reinforcement is required in the two directions.
8
One-way v.s two-way ribbed slabs
If the ribs are provided in one direction only, the slab is classified as
being one-way, regardless of the ratio of longer to shorter panel
dimensions. It is classified as two-way if the ribs are provided in two
directions .
9
Minimum thickness of one way slabs ACI Table 9.5(a)
Minimum Cover ACI 7.7.1

a - Concrete exposed to earth or weather
for Φ<16mm------40 mm and for Φ>16mm----- 50 mm
b - Concrete not exposed to earth or weather
10
for Φ<32mm------20 mm, otherwise ------ 40 mm
Spacing of Reinforcement Bars
a- Flexural Reinforcement Bars
Flexural reinforcement is to be spaced not farther than three times the slab
thickness (hs), nor farther apart than 45 cm, center-to-center.
 3 hs
Smax  smaller of  ACI 10.5.4
45cm
b- Shrinkage Reinforcement Bars
Shrinkage reinforcement is to be spaced not farther than five times the slab
thickness, nor farther apart than 45 cm, center-to-center.
 5 hs
Smax  smaller of  ACI 7.12.2.2
45cm
11
Loads Assigned to Slabs
wu=1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L
a- Dead Load (D.L) :

1- Weight of slab covering materials
2-Equivalent partition weight
3- Own weight of slab
b- Live Load (L.L)
12
a- Dead Load (D.L)
1- Weight of slab covering materials, total =2.315 kN/m2
tiles (2.5cm thick) =0.025×23 = 0.575 kN/m2
cement mortar (2.5cm thick) =0.025×21 = 0.525 kN/m2
sand (5.0cm thick) =0.05×18 = 0.9 kN/m2
plaster (1.5cm thick) =0.015×21 = 0.315 kN/m2
tiles 2.5 cm
cement mortar 2.5 cm
sand 5 cm
slab
plaster 1.5 cm
13
2-Equivalent partition weight
This load is usually taken as the weight of all walls (weight of 1m span
of wall × total spans of all walls) carried by the slab divided by the floor
area and treated as a dead load rather than a live load.
To calculate the weight of 1m span of wall:
Each 1m2 surface of wall contains 12.5 blocks
A block with thickness 10cm weighs 10 kg
A block with thickness 20cm weighs 20 kg
Each face of 1m2 surface has 30kg plaster
Load / 1m2 surface for 10 cm block =

12.5 × 10 +2×30=185 kg/m2 = 1.85 kN/m2
Load / 1m2 surface for 20 cm block =

20 cm
12.5 × 20 +2×30=310 kg/m2 = 3.1 kN/m2
Weight of 1m span of wall with height 3m:

For 10 cm block wt. = 1.85 kN/m2 × 3 = 5.6 kN/m
14 For 20 cm block wt. = 3.1 kN/m2 × 3 = 9.3 kN/m
1- Solid slab:
Own weight of solid slab (per 1m2)= c h = 25 h kN/m2
2- Ribbed slab:
Example
Find the total ultimate load per rib for the ribbed slab shown:
Assume depth of slab = 25 cm (20cm block +5cm toping slab)
Hollow blocks are 40 cm × 25 cm × 20 cm in dimension
Assume ribs have 10 cm width of web
Assume equivalent partition load = 0.75 kN/m2
Consider live load = 2 kN/m2.
15
Solution
• Total volume (hatched) = 0.5 × 0.25 × 0.25 = 0.03125 m3
• Volume of one hollow block = 0.4 × 0.20 × 0.25 = 0.02 m3
• Net concrete volume = 0.03125 - 0.02 = 0.01125 m3
• Weight of concrete = 0.01125 × 25= 0.28125 kN
• Weight of concrete /m2 = 0.28125 /[(0.5)(0.25)] = 2.25 kN/ m2
• Weight of hollow blocks /m2 = 0.2/[(0.5)(0.25)] = 1.6 kN/ m2
• Total slab own weight= 2.25 + 1.6= 3.85kN/m2
Load per rib

Total dead load= 3.85 + 2.315 + 0.75 = 6.915 kN/m2
Ultimate load = 1.2(6.915) + 1.6(2) = 11.5 kN/m2
16 Ultimate load per rib = 11.5 × 0.5 = 5.75 kN/m
Minimum live Load values on slabs
Type of Use Uniform Live Load
kN/m2
Residential 2
Residential balconies 3
Computer use 5
b- Live Load (L.L) Offices 2
Warehouses
It depends on the function for  Light storage 6
which the floor is constructed.  Heavy Storage 12
Schools
 Classrooms 2
Libraries
 rooms 3
 Stack rooms 6
Hospitals 2
Assembly Halls
 Fixed seating 2.5
 Movable seating 5
Garages (cars) 2.5
Stores
 Retail 4
 wholesale 5
Exit facilities 5
Manufacturing
 Light 4
17  Heavy 6
Loads Assigned to Beams
Beams are usually designed to carry the following loads:
- Their own weight
- Weights of partitions applied directly on them
- Floor loads
S1 S2
18
Design of one way SOLID slabs
19
One-way solid slabs
One-way solid slabs are designed as a number of independent 1 m
wide strips which span in the short direction and are supported on
crossing beams. These strips are designed as rectangular beams.
1m
S1 S2
L
0.85f c   2M u 
 1 1  2 

fy 
  0.85  f c bd  
S1 S2
20
One-way solid slabs
shrinkage Reinft.
Main Reinft.
21
Check on tension/compression control (maximum allowed steel)
Method 1: Check t
Method 2: Check max

c max  0.003
d
0.003  0.005
3
c max  d
8
3
=1c  1c max  d 1
8
3  0.85  1 f c ' 
 max
8  fy 
 22

Shrinkage Reinforcement Ratio
According to ACI Code and for fy =420 MPa ACI 7.12.2.1
shrinkage  0.0018  As,shrinkage  0.0018 bh
where, b = width of strip, and h = slab thickness
Minimum Reinforcement Ratio for Main Reinforcement
A s ,min  A s ,shrinkage  0.0018 b h ACI 10.5.4
Check shear capacity of the section

V u   V c  0.17 f c ' b wd
Otherwise enlarge depth of slab
23
ACI 8.3.3
ACI Code permits the use of the following approximate moments and
shears for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs, provided:
load.
(prismatic).
24
Bending Moment
ACI 8.3.3
More than two spans
25
Bending Moment ACI 8.3.3
Two spans
span measured
face-to-face of
supports.
For calculating
negative moments,
l n is taken as the
average of the
adjacent clear span
lengths.
26
Shear ACI 8.3.3
More than two spans
27
Shear ACI 8.3.3
Two spans
28
Summary of One-way Solid Slab Design Procedure
1 Select representative 1m wide design strip/strips to span in the
short direction.
2 Choose a slab thickness to satisfy deflection control requirements.
When several numbers of slab panels exist, select the largest
calculated thickness.
3 Calculate the factored load wu
4 Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for each of
the strips.
5 Check adequacy of slab thickness in terms of resisting shear by
satisfying the following equation: V u  0.17  f c ' b d
where b = 1000 mm
If the previous equation is not satisfied, go ahead and enlarge the
thickness to do so.
29
Summary of One-way Solid Slab Design Procedure
6- Design flexural and shrinkage reinforcement:
Flexural reinforcement ratio is calculated from the following
equation
0.85f c   2M u 
 1 1  2 

fy 
  0.85  f c bd  
where b = 1000 mm
You need to check tension controlled requirement, minimum

reinforcement requirement and spacing of selected bars.
Compute the area of shrinkage reinforcement, where
Ashrinkage=0.0018bh, where b = 1000 mm.
7- Draw a plan of the slab and representative cross sections showing

the dimensions and the selected reinforcement.
30
Example 1
Using the ACI-Code approximate structural analysis, design for a
warehouse, a continuous one-way solid slab supported on beams 4.0 m
apart as shown in the figure. Assume that the beam webs are 30 cm wide.
The dead load is 3kN/m2 in addition to the own weight of the slab, and the
live load is 3kN/m2.
Use fc’=28MPa, fy=420MPa
8.0 m
4.0 m 4.0 m 4.0 m
31
Solution:
1- Select a representative 1 m wide slab strip:
The selected representative strip is shown in the figure
2- Select slab thickness:

1.0 m
8.0 m
For one-end continuous spans,
17cm
hmin = l/24 =4.0/24=0.167m
Slab thickness is taken as 17 cm
4.0 m 4.0 m 4.0 m
Wu
32
Solution:
3Calculate the factored load wu per unit length of the selected strip:
Own weight of slab = 0.17× 25 = 4.25 kN/m2
wu= 1.20 (3+4.25) +1.60 (3)= 13.5 kN/m2
For a strip 1 m wide, wu=13.5 kN/m
4Evaluate the maximum factored shear forces and bending moments
in the strip:
The clear span length, ln = 4.0 – 0.30 = 3.70 m
wu=13.5 kN/m
33
Solution:
18.5 18.5
16.8 16.8
7.7 7.7
16.8
16.8
Units of moment are in kN.m

34
Solution:
25 28.7
25
25 25
28.7
Units of shear are in kN

35
Solution:
5- Check slab thickness for beam shear:
Effective depth d = 17 – 2 – 0.60 = 14.40 cm, assuming Φ12 mm bars.
Vu,max = 28.7 kN.
V c   0.17 f c ' bd  0.750.17 28 1000144  95.8 kN
i.e. , slab thickness is adequate in terms of resisting beam shear.
6- Design flexural and shrinkage reinforcement:

Assume that Φ=0.9 
0.85f c   2M u
 1 1  2

fy 
  0.85 f c bd  
Where b = 1000 mm & d = 144mm
36
Solution:
For max. negative moment, Mu = 18.5 kN.m
0.8528 1 1  218.5106 

ρ    0.00241
2 
 0.85 0.9 28 1000 144  
420  

3  0.85 1f c '  3  0.85 0.85 28 
ρmax       0.01806  ρ    0.90
8  
fy  8 420 
2
As,ve  0.002411000144  347 mm
2
As,min  0.00181000170  306mm As,ve OK
347mm2 79φ10
  S  227.5mm
1000mmstrip S
Smax  min(450 or 3170)  450mm  use 10@20cm
37
Solution:
For max. positive moment, Mu = 16.8 kN.m
0.8528 1 1  216.8106 

ρ    0.00219
420   0.85 0.9 28 1000 144 
2 
  
3  0.85 1f c '  3  0.85 0.85 28 

ρmax        0.01806  ρ    0.90

8 fy  8 420 
2
As,ve  0.002191000144  315mm
2
As,min  0.00181000170  306mm As,ve OK
315mm2 79φ10
  S  251mm
1000mmstrip S
Smax  min(450 or 3170)  450  use 10@25cm
38
Solution:
Calculate the area of shrinkage reinforcement:
Area of shrinkage reinforcement = 0.0018 (100) (17) = 306 mm2
For shrinkage reinforcement use Φ 10 mm @ 25 cm (from previous slides calculations)
Shrinkage reinft.
Φ10@25 Φ10@25 Φ10@20 Φ10@20 Φ10@25
17cm
Φ10@25 Φ10@25 Φ10@25
See Lecture 12 for information on detailing requirements
39
Solution:
Φ10@25 Φ10@20 Φ10@20 Φ10@25

8.0 m
Φ10@25 Φ10@25 Φ10@25
4.0 m 4.0 m 4.0 m
40
Design of one way RIBBED slabs
41
One-way ribbed slabs
Ribbed slabs consist of regularly spaced ribs monolithically built
with a toping slab. The voids between the ribs may be either light
material such as hollow blocks [figure 1] or it may be left unfilled
[figure 2].
Topping slab
Rib Hollow block Temporary form

Figure [2] Moulded floor
Figure [1] Hollow block floor
The use of these blocks makes it possible to have smooth ceiling

which is often required for architectural considerations and have
good sound and temperature insulation properties besides reducing
the dead load of the slab greatly. 42
Key components of one-way ribbed slabs
a. Topping slab: ACI 8.13.6.1
Topping slab thickness (t) is not to be less than 1/12 the clear
distance (lc) between ribs, nor less than 50 mm
 lc

t  12
50 mm
lc
and should satisfy for a unit strip: Slab thickness (t)
w u lc2
t
1240 f c 
Shrinkage reinforcement is provided in the topping slab in both

directions in a mesh form.
43
b. Regularly spaced ribs:
Minimum dimensions:
Ribs are not to be less than 100 mm in width, and a depth of not
more than 3.5 times the minimum web width and clear spacing
between ribs is not to exceed 750 mm.
ACI 8.13.2
l ≤ 750 mm
c
ACI 8.13.3
h ≤ 3.5 bw
bw ≥ 100
44
Shear strength: ACI 8.13.8
Shear strength provided by rib concrete Vc may be taken 10% greater
than those for beams.
Flexural strength:
Ribs are designed as rectangular beams in the regions of negative
moment at the supports and as T-shaped beams in the regions of
positive moments between the supports.
Effective flange width be is taken as half the distance between ribs,

center-to-center. b
e
45
Hollow blocks:
Hollow blocks are made of lightweight concrete or other lightweight
materials. The most common concrete hollow block sizes are 40 × 25
cm in plan and heights of 14, 17, 20, and 24 cm.
46
Summary of one-way ribbed slab design procedure
1.The direction of ribs is chosen.
2. Determine h, and select the hollow block size, bw and t
3.Provide shrinkage reinforcement for the topping slab in both
directions.
4. The factored load on each of the ribs is computed.
5. The shear force and bending moment diagrams are drawn.
6. The strength of the web in shear is checked.
7.Design the ribs as T-section shaped beams in the positive moment
regions and rectangular beams in the regions of negative moment.
8. Neat sketches showing arrangement of ribs and details of the
reinforcement are to be prepared.
47
Example
Design a one-way ribbed slab to cover a 3.8 m x 10 m panel, shown in the
figure below. The covering materials weigh 2.25 kN/m2, equivalent
partition load is equal to 0.75 kN/m2, and the live load is 2 kN/m2.
Use fc’=25 MPa, fy=420MPa
3.8 m
10 m
48
Solution
1. The direction of ribs is chosen:
Ribs are arranged in the short direction as shown in the figure
3.8 m
5.0 m 5.0 m
2. Determine h, and select the hollow block size, bw and t:
From ACI Table 9.5(a), hmin = 380/16 = 23.75cm  use h = 24 cm.
Let width of web, bw =10 cm
Use hollow blocks of size 40 cm × 25 cm × 17 cm (weight=0.17 kN)
Topping slab thickness = 24 – 17 = 7cm > lc/12 =40/12= 3.3cm > 5cm OK
For a unit strip of topping slab:
wu=[1.2(0.07 × 25 + 0.75 + 2.25) + 1.6(2)] ×1m = 8.9 kN/m = 8.9 N/mm
w u l c2 8.9( 400) 2
t   16mm OK
1240 f c ( 0.9)1240 25
49
Solution
3. Provide shrinkage reinforcement for the topping slab in both directions:
Area of shrinkage reinforcement, As=0.0018(1000)70=126 mm2
Use 5 Φ 6 mm/m in both directions.
4. The factored load on each of the ribs is to be computed:

Total volume (in 1m2 surface) 1.0 m
= 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.24 = 0.24 m3
Volume of hollow blocks in 1m2
= 8 × 0.4 × 0.25 × 0.17 = 0.136 m3 0.05 m
Net concrete volume in 1m2
1.0 m
= 0.24- 0.136 = 0.104 m3
0.25 m
Weight of concrete in 1m2
= 0.104 × 25 = 2.6 kN/m2
Weight of hollow blocks in 1m2
= 8 × 0.17= 1.36 kN/m2
7 cm
0.4 m 0.1 m 0.4 m
Total dead load /m2
= 2.25 + 0.75 + 2.6 + 1.36
0.24 m
= 7.0 kN/m2
50
Solution
wu=1.2(7)+1.6(2)=11.6 kN/m2
wu/m of rib =11.6x0.5= 5.8 kN/m of rib
5. Critical shear forces and bending moments are determined (simply supported beam):
Maximum factored shear force = wul/2 = 5.8 (3.8/2) = 11 kN
Maximum factored bending moment = wul2/8 = 5.8 (3.8)2/8 = 10.5 kN.m
6. Check rib strength for beam shear:
Effective depth d = 24–2–0.6–0.6 =20.8 cm, assuming 12mm reinforcing
bars and Φ 6 mm stirrups.
1.1ΦVc  1.10.75 0.17 25 100 208  14400 N = 14.4 kN  Vu,max  11kN
Though shear reinforcement is not required, 4  6 mm stirrups per meter

run are to be used to carry the bottom flexural reinforcement.
51
Solution
7. Design flexural reinforcement for the ribs:
There is only positive moments over the simply supported beam, and the
section of maximum positive moment is to be designed as a T-section
Assume that a<70mm and Φ=0.90→Rectangular section with b = be =500mm
0.85 25  210.5106  50
ρ 1 1 
105 kN.m
7
420  0.90.85255002082 

24
As
 0.0013
10
A  ρ b d  0.0013500 208  135 mm 2
s e
Use 210mm (As,sup= 157 mm2)
As f y 157 420
a   6.2 mm  70mm
0.85f c 'b e 0.8525500
The assumption is right
52
Solution
CheckAs,min
0.25 f c ' 1.4 
A s,min  max  bw d ; bw d
 f y fy 
2 2
A s,min  70 mm  A s,sup  157 mm OK
Check Φ=0.9
a 6.2
c   7.3 mm
β1 0.85
dc  208  7.3  0.003
ε t    0.003   
 c   7.3 
ε t  0.083  0.005    0.9 OK
53
Solution
8. Neat sketches showing arrangement of ribs and details of the reinforcement are to be
prepared
1Φ10 m
1Φ10 m
1Φ10 m
1Φ10 m
3.8 m
A A
5.0 m 5.0 m
Φ6mm stirrups Φ6mm mesh
@25 cm @20 cm
7cm
24cm
17cm
2Φ10mm 10 40 cm 10 2Φ10mm
SectionA-A
See Lecture 12 for information on detailing requirements

54
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 11
Design of short concentric columns
Columns
Columns are vertical compression members of a structural frame intended to support the
load-carrying beams. They transmit loads from the upper floors to the lower levels and then
to the soil through the foundations.
Loads
Beam Beam
P
Column
h Slab
b Beam
Column Beam Beam
h l
b Slab
Footing
Beam Beam
Soil
2
Columns
Usually columns carry bending moment as well, about one or both axes of the cross
section, and the bending action may produce tensile forces over a part of the cross
section.
The main reinforcement in a columns is longitudinal, parallel to the direction of the load
and consists of bars arranged in a square, rectangular, or circular shape.
3
Length of the column in relation to its lateral dimensions
Columns can be classified as
1Short Columns, for which the strength is governed by the strength of the materials
and the dimensions of the cross section
2Slender Columns, for which the strength may be significantly reduced by lateral
deflections.
Position of the load on the cross-section

Columns can be classified as
1Concentrically loaded columns, which are subjected to axial force only
2Eccentrically loaded columns, which are subjected to moment in addition to the
axial force.
4
Analysis and Design of Short Columns
Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite
5
Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns
Axial load tests have proven that tied and spirally reinforced columns
having the same cross-sectional areas of concrete and steel reinforcement
behave in the same manner up to the ultimate load.
At that load, tied columns fail suddenly due to excessive cracking in
the concrete section followed by buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement
between ties within the failure region. For spirally reinforced columns, once the
ultimate load is reached, the concrete shell covering the spiral starts to spall off
but the core will continue to carry additional loads because the
spiral provides a confining force to the concrete core, thus enabling
the column to sustain large deformations before final collapse.
6
Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns
Failure of a tied column Failure of a spiral column
7
Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial Loads
P0  0.85f c A g  A st  f y A st
or
P0  A g 0.85f c Ast (f y 0.85f c)
A g = gross area = b*h

Ast = area of longitudinal steel
fc′ =concrete compressive strength
f y = steel yield stress
8
Maximum Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial Loads
Pn  rP0
Pn  r Ag 0.85f c Ast (f y 0.85f c)
r = Reduction factor to account for accidental eccentricity
r = 0.80 ( tied )
ACI 10.3.6.3
r = 0.85 ( spiral )
9
Design Capacity under Concentric Axial Loads
 Pn  Pu
 Pn   r  A g 0.85f c  A st f y  0.85f c  Pu
or
 Pn   r A g 0.85f c  g f y  0.85f c  Pu
where g = Ast / Ag
ACI 9.3.2.2 ACI 10.3.6.3

 = 0.65 for tied columns r = 0.80 ( tied )
10
 = 0.75 for spiral columns r = 0.85 ( spiral )
Design of Short Concentrically Loaded Columns
 Pn  Pu
 Pn   r A g 0.85f c   g f y  0.85f c  Pu
Both Ag and g are unknown in this equation. There are

two options to design the column:
1Select Ag and calculate g. The A g may be selected from initial
sizing (Ag = Pu / 0.5fc′ ).
2Select g and calculate Ag. Usually g is assumed as 2% as a
starting point.
11
Calculation of required cross section, if steel ratio is known
 Pn  Pu
 Pn   r A g 0.85f c  g f y  0.85f c  Pu
* when g is known or assumed:

Pu
Ag 
  r 0.85f c  g f y  0.85f c

 
12
Calculation of required steel ratio, if cross section is known
 Pn  Pu
 Pn   r A g 0.85f c  g f y  0.85f c  Pu
* when g is known or assumed:
 Pu  1
g    0.85f c   
  r  A g  f y  0.85f c
13
Design of spirals
Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, s
Volume of Spiral 4Asp

s  
Volume of Core Dcs
 A sp  D c
 from: s  
 [( / 4) D c ] s 
2
Asp  cross-sectional area of spiral reinforcement

D c  core diameter: outside edge to outside edge of spiral
s  spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)
14
Design of spirals
Spiral Reinforcement Spacing, s

 Ag   f c 
s  0.45  1     ACI Eq. 10-5
 Ac   f y
4A
s  sp from previous slide
D cs
4A sp
s
 Ag  f c '
0.45D c  1 
 
 Ac  f y 
 Dc2
A c  core area 
4
 D2
15 Ag  gross area 
4
Design Considerations
Longitudinal Steel
- Limits on reinforcement ratio:
ACI 10.9.1
0.01Ag  Ast  0.08Ag

or
0.01  g  0.08
16
Longitudinal Steel
- Minimum number of bars
ACI 10.9.2
min. of 6 bars in spiral arrangement

min. of 4 bars in rectangular or circular ties
min. of 3 bars in triangular ties
17
Longitudinal Steel
- Clear Distance between Reinforcing Bars (Longitudinal Steel)
For tied or spirally reinforced columns, clear
distance between bars, shown in the figure, is not to
be less than the larger of 1.50 times bar diameter or
40 mm. This is done to ensure free flow of concrete
among reinforcing bars.
ACI 7.6.3
S c  max 1.5d b , 40mm 
18
Lateral Ties
- Arrangement of ties and longitudinal bars:

ACI 7.10.5.3
1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have lateral
support from the corner of a tie with an included angle
135o.
2.) No longitudinal bar shall be more than 150 mm clear
on either side from a laterally supported bar.
19
Lateral Ties
- Arrangement of ties and longitudinal bars:

ACI 7.10.5.3
20 Ties shown dashed may be omitted if x < 150 mm

Lateral Ties
- Maximum vertical spacing:
ACI 7.10.5.2
s  16 db ( db = diameter for longitudinal bars )

s  48 dstirrup (dstirrup = diameter for stirrups)
s  least lateral dimension of column
21
Lateral Ties
- Minimum size of ties
ACI 7.10.5.1
size   8 bar if longitudinal bar  30 bar
 12 bar if longitudinal bar   32 bar
 12 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled
22
Spirals
- Size and spacing of spiral

ACI 7.10.4.2
size 10 mm diameter
ACI 7.10.4.3
25mm  clear spacing

between spirals  75mm
23
Concrete Protection Cover ACI 7.7.1
The clear concrete cover is not to be taken less than 4 cm for columns not exposed to
weather or in contact with ground.
Minimum Cross Sectional Dimensions

The ACI Code does not specify minimum cross sectional dimensions for columns.
Column cross sections 20 × 25 cm are considered as the smallest practicable sections.
For practical considerations, column dimensions are taken as multiples of 5 cm.
Lateral Reinforcement
Ties are effective in restraining the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the
surface of the column, holding the reinforcement cage together during the construction
process, confining the concrete core and when columns are subjected to horizontal
forces, they serve as shear reinforcement.
24
Design Procedure for Short Concentrically Loaded Columns
1. Evaluate the factored axial load Pu acting on the column. This can be done by:
a- Tributary Area Method
b- Pu is the sum of the reactions of the beams supported by the column.
2. Assume a starting reinforcement ratio ρg that satisfies ACI Code limits. Usually a 2
% ratio is chosen for economic considerations.
3. Determine the gross sectional area Ag of the concrete section.
4. Choose the dimensions of the cross section based on its shape.
5. Readjust the reinforcement ratio by substituting the actual cross sectional area in the
respective equation. This ratio has to fall within the specified code limits.
25
Design Procedure for Short Concentrically Loaded Columns
6. Calculate the needed area of longitudinal reinforcement ratio based on the adjusted
reinforced ratio and the chosen concrete dimensions.
7. From reinforcement tables, choose the number and diameters of needed reinforcing
bars. For rectangular sections, a minimum of four bars is needed, while a minimum
of six bars is used for circular columns.
8. Design the lateral reinforcement according to the type of column, either ties or
spirals.
9. Check whether the spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars satisfies ACI
Code requirements.
10. Draw the designed section showing concrete dimensions and with required
longitudinal and lateral reinforcement.
26
Example 1
The cross section of a short axially loaded tied column is shown in the
figure. It is reinforced with 616mm bars. Calculate the design load
capacity of the cross section. Ties Φ8@25cm
Use fc′ =28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.

25 6Φ16
Solution:
Ast 1206 40
ρg    0.012  1.21%
A g 250 400 Figure [1]
ρ min  1 %  ρ g  1.21%  ρ max  8% OK Sc=12.8 cm
Clear distance between bars Sc 25 6Φ16

40  2(4)  2(0.8)  3(1.6)
Sc   12.8cm
31 40
max 1.5d b  2.4cm , 4cm <Sc  12.8cm
Only, one tie is required for the cross section
27
Example 1
The spacing between ties

16 db =16(1.6) = 25.4 cm ≥ S = 25 cm
48 ds = 48(0.8) = 38.4 cm ≥ S = 25 cm
smaller of b or d = 25 cm ≥ S = 25 cm
Thus, ACI requirements regarding reinforcement ratio, clear distance

between bars and tie spacing are all satisfied.
The design load capacity ΦPn

 Pn  0.65(0.8) A g 0.85f c  g f y 0.85f c
Φ Pn  0.52A g 0.85f c'  ρ g f y  0.85fc' 

Φ Pn  0.65(0.8) 400 250 0.8528  0.0121420  0.85 28
Φ Pn 1487 kN
28
Example 2
Design a short tied column to support a factored concentric load

of 1000 kN, with one side of the cross section equals to 25 cm.
f c  30MPa f y  420MPa
Solution
Assume first that g  2%
Pu
Ag 
 
0.65 0.8  0.85f c g f y  0.85f c  
 
1000103
Ag 
0.65 0.8 0.8530  0.02 420  0.85 30
2
29 A g  57594mm
Example 2
A  57594mm 2
g
b  250mm
h  230mm
use column 25cm 25cm
Determine adjusted steel ratio

 Pu  1
g    0.85f c   
  r  A g  f y  0.85f c
 1000103  1
g =   0.85(30)  =0.0134
 0.65 0.8 250 250  420  0.85(30)
0.01<g <0.08 OK
A   bh  0.0134(250)(250)  835mm 2
s g
2
30 Use 614 (As,sup = 924 mm )
Example 2
Check spacing
h  (No. of bars/2) d b  2 cover  2 dstirrup 
s
(No. of bars/2) 1
250  (6 / 2) 14  2 40 2(8)
  56mm
31
max 1.5d b  21mm , 40mm  56mm < 150mm OK
Stirrup design
Use  8 mm (for longitudinal bars with  14 mm <  30 mm)
 16d b  1614cm  224mm  governs


smax  min  48d stirrup  488  384mm
smaller of b or d  250mm

Use  8 mm @ 200 mm
31
Example 2 6  14 mm
 8 mm @ 200 mm 250 mm
250 mm
32
Example 3
Design a short, spirally reinforced column to support a service

dead load of 800 kN and a service live load of 400 kN.
f c  28MPa f y  420MPa Use g 1%
Solution
Pu 1.20 PD 1.60 PL 1.2800 1.6 400 1600kN

Pu
Ag 

0.75 0.85  0.85f c g f y  0.85f c
 


1600103
Ag 
0.75 0.85 0.8528  0.01420  0.85 28
A g  90405mm 2
33
Example 3
2 360/N
A g  90405mm
Ag
for circular column D= =339mm
 4
use column with D = 350 mm 0.5D’

A s  0.01  (3502 )  962mm 2
4
2
use 714 (As,sup =1078 mm )
Check spacing between longitudinal bars

 360/N 
D’ =350-2(40)-2(8)-14=240 mm,  
N=7  2 
S  D'sin 
360/N   51.43   104.1mm
  240sin  
 2   2  0.5D’
Sc  104.114  90.1mm  1.5(14)=21mm
 40mm OK
34
0.5Sc = 0.5D’  sin(360/N/2)
Example 3
Design the needed spiral, try  8
Dc  350  2(40)  270 mm
4Asp 450
S 
 A g   fc '   π/4 350 2   28 
0.45Dc  1    0.45 270  1  
 
π/4270  
2
 Ac   fy   420
S  36.3mm, taken as 35 mm (center  to  center)
Sc  35  8/2  8/2  27 mm, i.e within ACIcode limit (  25mm&  75mm)
Use Φ 8mmspiral with a pitch of 35mmcenter  to  center.
35
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 12 Part I
Bond, development length, and splicing
Bond
2
Concept of Bond Stress
Bond stresses are existent whenever the tensile stress or force in a reinforcing bar
changes from point to point along the length of the bar in order to maintain equilibrium.
Without bond stresses, the reinforcement will pull out of the concrete.
Concrete
Reinforcing bar
PL/4
M
M+dM
µavg
dx
Moment diagram
3
Concept of Bond Stress
 F  0.0
T2  T1  Fbond
If this equation is not true (bond force Fbond is not strong enough), the bar will pull out
A bar fs2  fs1    avg A surface T1=fs1Ab db

µ=Bond stress
d 2
b
fs2  fs1    avg ( db ) l
4
 μ avg
f - f d
= s2 s1 b
l T2=fs2Ab
fs2=fs1+∆fs
4l
µavg= average bond stress
4
Mechanism of Bond Transfer
A smooth bar embedded in concrete develops bond by adhesion between concrete &
reinforcement, and a small amount of friction.
This is different in a deformed bar. Once adhesion is lost at high bar stress and some
slight movement between the reinforcement and the concrete occurs, bond is then
provided by friction and bearing on the deformations of the bar. At much higher bar
stress, bearing on the deformations of the bar will be the only component contributing to
bond strength.
(a) Forces on bar

(b) Forces on concrete
5
Splitting cracks
The radial component of the bearing

force will cause circumferential
stress on the concrete that may
cause splitting that creates cracks.
6
Splitting cracks
Splitting of concrete may occur along the bars, either in vertical planes as in
figure (a) or in horizontal plane as in figure (b).
7
Splitting cracks
The load at which splitting failure develops is a function of :
• The minimum distance from the bar to the surface of the concrete or to the
next bar. The smaller the distance, the smaller is the splitting load.
• The tensile strength of the concrete. The higher the tensile strength, the
higher is the splitting resistance.
• The average bond stress. The higher the average bond stress, the higher is the
splitting resistance.
If the concrete cover and bar spacing are large compared to the bar diameter,
a pullout failure can occur, where the bar and the ring of concrete between
successive deformations pullout along a cylindrical failure surface joining
the tips of the deformations.
8
Development Length
9
Development Length
The bars found to be needed at a section from design calculations have to be

embedded a certain distance into the concrete. This distance has to be equal or
larger than the development length (ld).
10
Development Length
The development length ld is that length of embedment necessary to develop the full
tensile strength of the bar (on both sides of sections where fy stress is required),
controlled by either pullout or splitting.
f s2  f s1 db
μavg =
4l
f s2  f s1  f y
f d
 ld  y b
, where  avg,u is the value  avg at bondfailure
4 avg,u
11
Development Length of Deformed Bars in Tension
The development length for deformed bars in tension is given by
fy αβ γ λ
ld  d b  300 mm, ACI Eq. 12-1
1.1 fc  C  K tr 
 
 d b 
 C  K tr 
where    2.5 ACI 12.2.3
 db 
where,
ld = development length
db = nominal diameter of bar
fy = specified yield strength of reinforcement
C = spacing or cover dimension (see next slide)
Ktr = transverse reinforcement index (see slide 12)
12  = see next slides
Development Length of Deformed Bars in Tension [contd.]
C is the smaller of ACI 12.2.4

(a)the smallest distance measured from the center of the bar to the nearest concrete
surface
(b)one-half the center-to-center spacing of bars being developed. α
is a bar location factor
(a) Horizontal reinforcement so placed that more than 30 cm of
fresh concrete is cast in the member below the development
length or splice………………………………………………………………. 1.3
(b) Other reinforcement… 1.0
β is a coating factor that reflects the adverse effects of epoxy coating
(a)Epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover less than 3db
or clear spacing less than 6db 1.5
(b)All other epoxy-coated bars or wires… 1.2
(c) Uncoated reinforcement……………………………………………………… 1.0
13 However, the product β α is not to be greater than 1.7.

ACI 12.2.4
γ is a reinforcement size factor that reflects better performance of the smaller diameter
reinforcement
(a) Φ20mm and smaller bars. 0.8
(b) Φ22mm and larger bars. 1.0
λ is a lightweight aggregate concrete factor that reflects lower tensile strength of
lightweight concrete, & resulting reduction in splitting resistance.
(a) When lightweight aggregate concrete is used…….……..……………… 0.8
(b) When normal weight concrete is used… 1.0
14
Ktr is a transverse reinforcement index that represents the contribution of confining

reinforcement
40 Atr
K tr  ACI Eq. 12-2
sn
where:
Atr = total cross sectional area of all transverse reinforcement within the spacing s,
which crosses the potential plane of splitting along the reinforcement being developed
within the development length
s = maximum center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement within development
length ld
n = number of LONGITUDINAL bars being developed along the plane of splitting.
Note: It is permitted to use Ktr= 0.0 as Atr

design simplification even if transverse
reinforcement is present.
Potential plane
of splitting
15
n=4
Excessive Reinforcement ACI 12.2.5

Reduction in development length is allowed where As provided > As required. the
reduction is given by
As required
Reduction factor 
As provided
-Except as required for seismic design
-Good practice to ignore this factor, since the use of the structure may change over time.
Simplified Expression for Development Length
See ACI 12.2.2. This will not be used in this class
16
Example 1
Determine the development length in tension required for the uncoated bottom bars as
shown in the figure. If (a) Ktr is calculated (b) Ktr is assumed = 0.0
Use fc’ = 25 MPa normal weight concrete and fy = 420 MPa
(c) Check if space is available for bar development in the beam shown
60 cm
Φ10@20
4Φ20
40 cm
Cover is 4 cm on all sides
SectionA-A
17
Example 1
Determine the development length in tension required for the uncoated bottom bars as
shown in the figure. If (a) Ktr is calculated (b) Ktr is assumed = 0.0
Use fc’ = 25 MPa normal weight concrete and fy = 420 MPa
(c) Check if space is available for bar development in the beam shown
Solution:
60 cm
(a) Ktr is calculated Φ10@20
4Φ20
α=1.0 for bars over concrete < 30 cm thick
β=1.0 for uncoated bars
40 cm
α β =1.0 <1.7 OK Cover is 4 cm on all sides
γ=0.8 for Φ20mm,

λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete,
C the smallest of 40+10+(20/2)=60 mm
{[400-2(40)-2(10)-2(20/2)]/(3)}/(2)=46.7 mm
18 i.e., C is taken as 46.7 mm
Example 1 [contd.]
40A t r 40(2  79)

K tr    7.9 mm
sn (200)(4)
C  Ktr 46.7  7.9
  2.73  2.5
db 20
C  Ktr
60 cm
i.e., use  2.5 Φ10@20
db 4Φ20
fy αβ γ λ
ld  d b  300 mm
1.1 fc  C  K t r  40 cm
 
 d b  Cover is 4 cm on all sides
 420   (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0)  20  489 mm  300 mm OK

ld    
 1.1 25   2.5 
b) Assuming K t r  0.0
C  Ktr 467  0
  2.33  2.5 OK
db 20
 420   (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0)  20  524 mm  300 mm OK
ld    
19  1.1 25   2.33 
Example 1 [contd.]
(c) Check if space is available for bar development
60 cm
Φ10@20
4Φ20
40 cm
Cover is 4 cm on all sides
SectionA-A
Available length for bar development = 2000+ 150– 40 = 2110 mm

> ld = 524 mm
OK
20
Development Length of Deformed Bars in Compression ACI 12.3
Shorter development lengths are required for compression than for tension since
flexural tension cracks are not present for bars in compression. In addition, there is
some bearing of the ends of the bars on concrete.
The development length ld for deformed bars in compression is computed as the product
of the basic development length ldc and applicable modification factors, but ld is not to
be less than 200 mm.
ld = ldc x applicable modification factors ≥ 200 mm.
The basic development length ldb for deformed bars in compression is given as
 0.24 f y db 
ldc  max  ;0.043 f y db 
 fc ' 
21
Development Length of Deformed Bars in Compression [contd.] ACI 12.3
Applicable Modification Factors
1.Excessive reinforcement factor =As required / As provided
2.Spirals or Ties: the modification factor for reinforcement, enclosed with spiral
reinforcement ≥ 6mm in diameter and ≤ 10 cm pitch or within Φ12mm ties spaced at ≤
10 cm on center is given as 0.75
Development Lengths for Bundled Bars ACI 12.4

Development length of individual bars within a bundle, in tension or compression, is
taken as that for individual bar, increased 20% for three-bar bundle, and 33% for four-
bar bundle.
For determining the appropriate modification factors, a unit of bundled bars is treated as
a single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total area of bars.
22
Critical
section
ldh
Development of Standard Hooks in Tension
Hooks are used to provide additional anchorage

when there is insufficient length available
to develop a bar.
Development length ldh for deformed bars in tension terminating in a standard hook is
computed as the product of the basic development length lhb and applicable
modification factors, but ldh is not to be less than 8db, nor less than 150 mm.
ldh = lhb x applicable modification factors ≥ 15 cm or 8db.

The basic development length lhb for hooked bars is given as
0.24  f ACI 12.5.1
lhb  e y
db
 fc '
For lightweight aggregate concrete,  = 0.75. ACI 12.5.2
For epoxy-coated reinforcement,  e= 1.2.
Otherwise,  = 1.0,  e= 1.0
23
Development of Standard Hooks in Tension [contd.]
ACI 12.5.3
1. Concrete cover: for db ≤ Φ36mm, side cover (normal to plane of hook) ≥ 65 mm, and
for 90 degree hook, cover on bar extension beyond hook ≥ 50 mm, the modification
factor is taken as 0.7.
not less than 50 mm
65 mm
65 mm
24
ACI 12.5.3
2.Excessive reinforcement factor =As required / As provided
3.Spirals or Ties: for db ≤ Φ36mm, hooks enclosed vertically or horizontally within ties
or stirrups spaced along the full development length ldh not greater than 3db , where db is
the diameter of the hooked bar, and the first tie or stirrup shall enclose the bent portion of
the hook, within 2db of the outside of the bend, the modification factor is taken as 0.8.
25
ACI 7.1
Development length ldh is measured 90-degree hook
from the critical section of the bar

to the out-side end or edge of the
hooks. Either a 90 or a 180-degree
hook, shown in the figure, may be used
ldh
Development of reinforcement- General Part (a)

* Hooks are not considered effective
in compression and may not be used 180-degree hook
as anchorage.
ACI 12.5.5
* The values of fc ' used in this 4db ≥ 65mm Φ10 through Φ25
lecture shall not exceed 8.3 MPa. Φ28 through Φ36
Φ44 through Φ56
26
ACI 12.1.2 ldh
Part (b)
ACI 12.5.4
Confinement of hooks
For bars being developed by a standard hook at discontinuous ends of members with both
side cover and top (or bottom) cover over hook less than 65 mm, the hooked bar shall be
enclosed within ties or stirrups perpendicular to the bar being developed, spaced not
greater than 3db along ldh. The first tie or stirrup shall enclose the bent portion of the
hook, within 2db of the outside of the bend, where db is the diameter of the hooked bar.
27
Example 2
Determine the development length or anchorage required for the epoxy-coated top bars
of the beam shown in the figure. The beam frames into an exterior 80cm x 30cm
column (the bars extend parallel to the 80 cm side). Show the details if:
(a) If a 180-degree hook is used
(b) If a 90-degree hook is used
Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa 4Φ32
50 cm
Φ12@15
Solution:
α=1.3 for bars over concrete > 30 cm thick 40 cm
β=1.5 for coated bars (take the larger of 1.2 and 1.5 conservatively)
α β =1.3x1.5 = 1.95 > 1.7 use 1.7
γ=1.0 for Φ32mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 40+12+16=68 mm
{[400-2(40)-2(12)-32]/(3)}/(2)=44 mm
i.e., C is taken as 44 mm
28
Example 2 [contd.]
40A tr 2( 113)
K tr    15.1mm
sn ( 150)( 4)
C  Ktr 44  15 4Φ32
  1.85  2.5
50 cm
OK
db 32 Φ12@15
fy αβ γ λ
ld  d b  300 mm
1.1 fc  C  K t r 
  40 cm
 d b 
 420   ( 1.7 )( 1.0)( 1.0)  32  2127 m m  300 mm OK
ld    
 1.1 28   1.85 
Available length for bar development = 800 – 40 = 760 mm < ld = 2127 cm
Thus, a standard hook is required at column side
ldh = lhb x applicable modification factors ≥ 150 mm or 8db.

(use a factor 1.2 for epoxy-coated hooks. Modification factors are inapplicable)
0.24  e f y 0.24  1.2  420

l dh  db  32  732 m m
 fc ' 1.0 28
29
 150m m  8( 32)  256m m O K
Example 2 [contd.]
ldh=732 mm
(b) If a 180-degree hook is used
4db =128 mm
Critical section
5db =160 mm
180o hook
(c) If a 90-degree hook is used ldh=732 mm

12db=384 mm
Critical section
30 90o hook
Splicing
31
Splices of Reinforcement
ACI 12.14
Splicing of reinforcement bars is necessary, either because the available bars are not
long enough, or to ease construction, in order to guarantee continuity of the
reinforcement according to design requirements.
Types of Splices:
(a) Welding (b) Mechanical connectors
(c) Lap splices (simplest and most economical method)
In a lapped splice, the force in one bar is transferred to the concrete, which transfers it to
the adjacent bar.
Splice length is the distance over which the two bars overlap.
Forces on bar at splice
32
Splice length
Splices of Reinforcement
Important note:
Lap splices have a number of disadvantages, including congestion of reinforcement at
the lap splice and development of transverse cracks due to stress concentrations. It is
recommended to locate splices at sections where stresses are low.
Types of Lap Splices:

1. Direct Contact Splice
T T
ls Direct contact
2. Non-Contact Splice (spaced) the distance between two bars cannot be greater than
1/5 of the splice length nor 15 cm
ACI 12.14.2.3
T
s
T
ls Bars are spaced
33
Splices of Deformed Bars in Tension
ACI 12.15
ACI code divides tension lap splices into two classes, A and B. The class of splice used
is dependent on the level of stress in the reinforcing and on the percentage of steel that
is spliced at particular location.
ACI 12.15.1
ClassA:
A splice must satisfy the following two conditions to be in this class:
(a) the area of reinforcement provided is at least twice that required by analysis over the
entire length of the splice; and
(b) one-half or less of the total reinforcement is spliced within the required lap length.
Class B:
If conditions above are not satisfied  classify as Class B.
The splice lengths for each class of splice are as follows:

Class A splice: 1.0 ld  300 mm
ACI 12.15.2
Class B splice: 1.3 ld  300 mm
34
Example 3
To facilitate construction of a cantilever retaining wall, the vertical reinforcement

shown in the figure, is to be spliced with dowels extending from the foundation.
Determine the required splice length when all reinforcement bars are spliced at the same
location.
Use fc’ = 30 MPa and fy = 420 MPa
Φ16 @ 250
Cover = 7.5 cm
Solution:
Class B splice is required where ls = 1.3 ld
α=1.0, β=1.0 → α β =1.0 < 1.7 OK
ls
γ=1.0, λ=1.0
C the smallest of 75+8=83 mm
250/2=125 mm Φ16 @ 250
i.e., C is taken as 83 mm Cover = 7.5 cm
Ktr =0.0, since no stirrups are used

35
Example 3 [contd.]
C  Ktr 83  0 C  Ktr
  5.19  2.5 i .e.,  2.5
db 16 db
 420   ( 1.0)( 1.0)( 1.0)  16  446 m m
ld    
 1.1 30   2.5 
Required splice length l s  446( 1.3 )  580 m m  300 OK
Φ16 @ 25
ls=58 cm
Φ16 @ 25
36
Splices of Deformed Bars in Compression
ACI 12.16
Bond behavior of compression bars is not complicated by the problem of transverse
tension cracking and thus compression splices do not require provisions as strict as
those specified for tension
Compression lap splice length shall be: ACI 12.16.1

0.071 fy db ≥ 300 mm for fy ≤ 420 MPa
(0.13 fy – 24) db ≥ 300 mm for fy > 420 MPa
The computed splice length should be increase by 33% if fc’<21 MPa
When bars of different size are lap-spliced in compression, splice length shall be the
larger of either development length of the larger bar, or splice length of the smaller bar.
ACI 12.16.2
ACI 12.15.3
37
Example 4
Design a compression lap splice for a tied column whose cross section is shown in the
figure when:
(a)Φ16 mm bars are used on both sides of the splice.
(b)Φ 16 mm bars are lap spliced with Φ 18 mm bars.
Use fc’ = 30 MPa and fy = 420 MPa
Solution:
(a) For bars of same Φ16 mm diameter
Splice length in compression and for fy =420 MPa
is equal to 0.071 fy db = 0.071 (420)(16)
= 477 mm >300 mm
taken as 480 mm
38
Example 4 [contd.]
(b) For bars of different diameters

The development length of the larger bar
ldc = ldb x applicable modificationfactors
0.24f y d b 0.24  420 18 

   331mm 
l dc  max  fc ' 30   333mm
0.043f d  0.043 420 18=333mm 
 y b 
Splice length of smaller diameter bar was calculated in part (a) as 477 mm. Thus, the
splice length is taken as 480 mm.
39
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 12 PART II
Bar cutoff
Bar cutoff
It is economical to cut unnecessary bars as shown in the scenario below.
2
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Example
3
Example
4
Example
5
Example
6
Using moment diagrams drawn to scale:
7
Using moment envelopes drawn to scale:
8
Bending moment envelope for typical span (moment coefficient: -1/11, +1/16, -1/11)
9
10
11
Bending moment envelope for typical span (moment coefficient: 0, +1/11, -1/10)
12
Development length requirements
ACI 12.10.3
Reinforcement shall extend
beyond the point at which it is no
longer required to resist flexure
for a distance equal to d or 12db,
whichever is greater, except at
supports of simple spans and at
free end of cantilevers.
ACI 12.10.4
Continuing reinforcement shall
have an embedment length not
less than ld beyond the point
where bent or terminated tension
reinforcement is no longer
required to resist flexure.
13
Development length requirements ACI 12.10.5

The ACI Code does not permit flexural reinforcement to be cutoff in a tension zone
unless at least one of the special conditions, shown below, is satisfied:
a.Factored shear force at the cutoff point does not exceed two-thirds of the design shear
strength, ΦVn .
b.Stirrup area exceeding that required for shear and torsion is provided along each
cutoff bar over a distance from the termination point equal to three-fourths of the
effective depth of the member. Excess stirrup area Av is not to be less than 0.41bwS /fy .
Spacing S is not to exceed d/8βb where βb is the ratio of area of reinforcement cutoff to
total area of tension reinforcement at the section.
c.For φ 36 mm bars and smaller, continuing reinforcement provides double the area
required for flexure at the cutoff point and factored shear does not exceed three-fourths
of the design shear strength, ΦVn .
14
Positive moment:
At least one-third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and
one-fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall
extend along the same face of member into the support. In beams, such
reinforcement shall extend into the support at least 150 mm. ACI 12.11.1
At simple supports and at points of inflection, positive moment tension

reinforcement shall be limited to a diameter such that
ACI 12.11.3
Mn is calculated assuming all reinforcement at the section to be stressed to fy;
Vu is calculated at the section;
la at a support shall be the embedment length beyond the center of support; or:
la at a point of inflection shall be limited to d or 12db, whichever is greater.
An increase of 30 percent in the value of Mn /Vu shall be permitted when the

15 ends of reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction.
Positive moment:
ACI 12.11.3
16
Positive moment:
17
Positive moment:
18
Positive moment:
19
Negative moment:
Negative moment reinforcement in a continuous, restrained cantilever member, or in
any member of rigid frame, is to be anchored in or through the supporting member
by development length, hooks, or mechanical anchorage.
ACI 12.12.1
At least one-third the total tension reinforcement provided for negative moment at a
support shall have an embedment length beyond the point of inflection not less than
d, 12db, or ln/16, whichever is greater
ACI 12.12.3
20
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 12 PART III

Detailing of reinforcement
References for detailing
ACI-318
2
ACI-315
ACI Detailing Manual
3
CRSI Design Handbook
4
Positive moment:
At least one-third the positive
moment reinforcement in simple
members and one-fourth the
positive moment reinforcement in
continuous members shall extend
along the same face of member into
the support. In beams, such
reinforcement shall extend into the
support at least 150 mm.
Negative moment:
At least one-third the total tension
reinforcement provided for negative
moment at a support shall have an
embedment length beyond the point
of inflection not less than d, 12db, or
ln/16, whichever is greater
5
Typical details for one way solid slabs
6
Requirements for using standard detailing for beams and one
way slabs:
ACI 8.3.3
load.
(prismatic).
7
Straight bars
8
Straight bars
9
Straight bars
10
Bent-up bars
11
Typical details for beams
Straight bars
12
Straight bars
13
Straight bars
14
Typical details for columns
15
Typical details for columns
16
17
18
19
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 13
Design of isolated footings
Footing
Introduction
Footings are structural elements used to support columns and walls and transmit their
loads to the underlying soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity below the
structure.
Loads
B B Column
L L Beam
P P
Footing
Soil
2
Footing
Introduction
The design of footings calls for the combined efforts of geotechnical and structural
engineers.
The geotechnical engineer, on one hand, conducts the site investigation and on the light
of his findings, recommends the most suitable type of foundation and the allowable
bearing capacity of the soil at the suggested foundation level.
The structural engineer, on the other hand, determines the concrete dimensions and
reinforcement details of the approved foundation.
3
Types of Footing
Isolated Footings
Isolated or single footings are used to support single columns. This is one of the most
economical types of footings and is used when columns are spaced at relatively long
distances. PkN
B C2
C1
4
Types of Footing
Isolated Footings
Shapes of isolated footings

5
Types of Footing
Isolated Footings
Shapes of isolated footings

6
Types of Footing
Wall Footings
Wall footings are used to support structural walls that carry loads from other floors or to
support nonstructural walls.
W kN/m
Secondary reinft
Main reinft.
7
Types of Footing
Combined Footings
Combined footings are used when two columns are so close that single footings cannot
be used. Or, when one column is located at or near a property line. In such a case, the
load on the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in an uneven distribution
of load to the supporting soil.
P1 P2
P2 kN
L
PP11kN
kN
B C2 C2
C1 C1
L1 L2 L2
8
Types of Footing
Combined Footings
The shape of a combined footing in plan shall be such that the centroid of the
foundation plan coincides with the centroid of the loads in the columns. Combined
footings are either rectangular or trapezoidal. Rectangular footings are favored due to
their simplicity in terms of design and construction. However, rectangular footings are
not always practicable because of the limitations that may be imposed on their
longitudinal projections beyond the two columns or the large difference that may exist
between the magnitudes of the two column loads. Under these conditions, the provision
of a trapezoidal footing is more economical.
9
Types of Footing
Continuous Footings
Continuous footings support a row of three or more columns.
P1 P2 P3 P4 P4 kN
P3 kN
P2 kN
L
P1 kN
10
Types of Footing
Strap (Cantilever) footings
Strap footings consists of two separate footings, one under each column, connected
together by a beam called “strap beam”. The purpose of the strap beam is to prevent
overturning of the eccentrically loaded footing. It is also used when the distance
between this column and the nearest internal column is long that a combined footing
will be too narrow.
P2 kN
P1 P2
property line
Strap Beam
P1 kN
L1 L2
B1 C2 C2 B2
C1 C1
11
Types of Footing
Mat (Raft) Footings
Mat footings consist of one footing usually placed under the entire building area. They
are used when soil bearing capacity is low, column loads are heavy and differential
settlement for single footings are very large or must be reduced.
12
Types of Footing
Pile caps
Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit
column loads to the piles.
P
13
Footing Loading
Distribution of Soil Pressure
The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a function of the type of soil, the
relative rigidity of the soil and the footing, and the depth of the foundation at the level
of contact between footing and soil.
P P P
Centroidal axis
L L L
Footing on sand Footing on clay Equivalent uniform distribution
For design purposes, it is common to assume the soil pressure is uniformly distributed.
The pressure distribution will be uniform if the centroid of the footing coincides with
the resultant of the applied loads.
14
Footing Loading
Pressure Distribution Below Footings
The maximum intensity of loading at the base of a foundation which causes failure of
soil is called ultimate bearing capacity of soil, denoted by qu.
The allowable bearing capacity of soil is obtained by dividing the ultimate bearing
capacity of soil by a factor of safety on the order of 2.50 to 3.0.
The allowable soil pressure for soil may be either gross or net pressure permitted on the
soil directly under the base of the footing.
The gross pressure represents the total stress in the soil created by all the loads above
the base of the footing. For design, the net soil pressure is used instead of the gross
pressure value.
P
Df
hc
15
Footing Loading
Concentrically Loaded Footings
If the resultant of the loads acting at the base of the footing coincides with the centroid
of the footing area, the footing is concentrically loaded and a uniform distribution of
soil pressure is assumed in design.
Centroidal axis
P/A
16
Footing Loading
Eccentrically Loaded Footings
Footings are often designed for both axial load and moment. Moment may be caused by
lateral forces due to wind or earthquake, and by lateral soil pressures.
A footing is eccentrically loaded if the supported column is not concentric with the
footing area or if the column transmits at its juncture with the footing not only a vertical
load but also a bending moment.
P
P
e
M
Centroidal axis Centroidal axis
y y
L L
P/A P/A
Pey/I My/I
17
Design of Isolated Footings
Deformation of isolated footings
18
Deformation of isolated footings
19
The design of isolated rectangular footings is detailed in the following steps:
1- Select a trial footing depth.

Depth of footing above reinforcement is not to be less than 15 cm.
ACI 15.7
Note that 7.5 cm of clear concrete cover is required if concrete is cast against
soil.
ACI 7.7.1
20
2- Evaluate the net allowable soil pressure:

qall (net) = qall (gross) - γc hc - γs (Df -hc)
P
Df
hc
qall(net)
where
hc is the assumed footing depth,
df is the distance from ground surface to the contact surface between footing base and soil,
γc is the weight density of concrete, and
γs is the weight density of soil on top of footing.
21
3- Establish the required base area of the footing

Base area of footing is determined from unfactored forces transmitted by footing to soil
and the allowable soil pressure evaluated through principles of soil mechanics.
PD  PL
Areq 
qall (net) ACI 15.2.2
where PD and PL are column service dead and live loads, respectively.
Select appropriate L, and B values, if possible, use a square footing to achieve greatest
economy.
4- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:

1.2PD 1.6PL ACI 15.2.1
qu(net ) 
LB
22
5- Check footing thickness for punching shear.

When loads are applied over small areas of slabs and footings with no beams, punching
failure may occur. The sloping failure surface takes the shape of a truncated pyramid in
case of rectangular columns, and a truncated cone in case of circular columns.
The ACI Code assumes that failure takes place on vertical planes located at distance d/2
from the faces of the column.
ACI 11.11.1.2
23
5- Check footing thickness for punching shear [contd.]

The depth of the footing must be checked so that the shear capacity of the concrete
equals or exceeds the critical shear forces produced by factored loads
Vu  Vc
The critical punching shear forceVu can be evaluated as follows
Vu  qu (net)L B  C1  d C2  d 

C1 + d
C1
ACI 11.11.1.2
C2 + d
C2
B
L
Since there are two layers of reinforcement, an average value of d may be used:
d = h − 7.5cm− db , where db is the bar diameter. 24
5- Check footing thickness for punching shear [contd.]

Punching shear force resisted by concrete Vc is given as the smallest of
 2 
 V C   0.171  f c 'bod
C1 + d
 c 
 V C   0.33 f c 'bod C1
C2 + d
C2
B
 V C   0.083 2  sd  f c 'bod
 b 
L
βc = long side/short side of column,
αs = 40 for interior, 30 for side, and 20 for corner columns,
bo =length of critical perimeter around the column = 2[(C1+d)+(C2+d)]
Interior
ACI 11.11.2.1
Corner Exterior 25
6- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction.

If Vu ≤ ΦVc, thickness will be adequate for resisting beam shear.
The critical section for beam shear is located at distance d from column faces.
In the short direction: Critical section for beam shear

(short direction)
The factored shear force is given by x
 L C 1  
Vu  qu (net ) B x  qu (net ) B   d 
 2   C1
d
C2
B
The factored beam shear capacity of the
concrete is given as
L
V c  0.17 f c ' B d
ACI 11.2.1.1
26
6- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction [contd.]
In the long direction:

The factored shear force is given by
Critical section for beam

Shear (long direction)
 B C 2  
Vu  qu (net ) L y  qu (net ) L   d 
C1
   
C2
2
B
d
The factored beam shear capacity of the
y
concrete is given as L
V c  0.17 f c ' L d ACI 11.2.1.1
Increase footing thickness if necessary until the condition Vu ≤ ΦVc is satisfied.
27
7-Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction.
The footing is designed as rectangular-section beam in both directions. The critical
section for bending is located at the face of the column.
ACI 15.4.2 Critical section formoment
Reinforcement in the long direction: (L-C1)/2
B  L  C1 
2
M u  qu (net)  
2  2  C1
C2
B
0.85f c   2M u 
 1 1  
fy   0.85  f  Bd 2
 
 c
L
As ,req   Bd
As ,min  0.0018Bh  As ,req
ACI 15.4.1
ACI 10.5.4
ACI 7.12.2.1 28
7-Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction [contd.]
Reinforcement in the short direction
Critical section for moment

L  B  C2 
2
M u  qu (net)   C1
2  2 
C2
B
(B-C2)/2
0.85f c   2M u 
 1 1  
fy   0.85  f  Ld 2
  L
 c
A s,req   Ld
ACI 15.4.1
As ,min  0.0018Lh  As ,req
ACI 10.5.4
ACI 7.12.2.1
29
7-Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction [contd.]

For square footings, the reinforcement is identical in both directions.
For rectangular footings, the reinforcement in the long direction is uniformly
distributed. However, a portion of the total reinforcement in the short direction, γsAs is
distributed uniformly over a band width (centered on centerline of column) as shown in
the figure. Remainder of reinforcement required in the short direction, (1 – γs)As, shall
be distributed uniformly outside the center band width of the footing.
2 Band width
s 
 1
where
  long side of footing B
short side offooting
B
L
ACI 15.4.4
39
8- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete

All forces applied at the base of a column or wall must be transferred to the
footing by bearing on concrete and/or by reinforcement.
ACI 15.8.1
Bearing on concrete for column and footing must not exceed the concrete
bearing strength.
ACI 15.8.1.1
Pn  Pu
Otherwise, the joint would fail by crushing of the concrete at the bottom of the
column where the column bars are no longer effective or by crushing the
concrete in the footing under the column.
 Pn  min  Pn ,c ;  Pn ,f 
31
8- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete [contd.]

For a supported column, the allowed bearing capacity ΦPn,c is
Pn ,c   0.85f cA1  ACI 10.14.1
For a supporting footing where the supporting surface is wider on all sides than the
loaded area, the allowed bearing capacity ΦPn,f is
 A2 
Pn ,f  min   0.85f cA1 ; 2 0.85f cA1 
 A1 
Φ = strength reduction factor for bearing = 0.65
A1= column cross-sectional area
A2= area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered
wedge contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the loaded
area, and having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal (see next slide)
32
A2= area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge
contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the loaded area, and
having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal
33
A2= area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge
contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the loaded area, and
having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal
34

Dowel Reinforcement:
•If Pn  Pu :
Reinforcement in the form of dowel bars must be provided to transfer the
excess load.
Pu Pn ACI 15.8.1.2
A s ,req 
f y
The dowel bars are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main
footing reinforcement.
35
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement:
•If Pn  Pu ::
Use minimum dowel reinforcement.
As ,min  0.005A1 ACI 15.8.2.1
36
9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement
> ls (compn.)
10-Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided

reinforcement. 37
Example
Design an isolated rectangular footing to support an interior column 40×40cm in cross
section and carry a dead load of 800 kN and a live load of 600 kN. One of the
dimensions of the footing must not exceed 3.2 m.
PD= 800 kN
Use fc’= 25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa, PL= 600 kN
qall (gross) = 200 kN/m2, γsoil =17 kN/m3, γconc =25 kN/m3
Df=1.0
40
40
38
Example
Solution
1Select a trial footing depth:
Assume that the footing is 55 cm thick.
2Evaluate the net allowable soil pressure:
qall (net) = qall (gross) - γs (Df - hc) - γc hc
qall net  200 ( 1 0.55) 17  0.55 25  178.6 kN/m 2
3 Establish the required base area of the footing :

P P 40
 D L  800  600  7.839 m2
245
A req 40
qall (net) 178.6
7.84
Let L  3.20 m, B   2.45m
3.20 320
Use 320x245x55 cm footing

4- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure
Pu  1.2PD 1.6P L  1.2800 1.6 600  1920 kN
1920
q u net  
Pu
  244.9 kN/m 2
LB 3.2 2.45 39
40+45.9
Example
40+45.9
245
5- Check footing thickness for punching shear:
Average effective depth davg  55-7.5-1.6  45.9cm
320
bo  2[ 40  45.9  40  45.9]  343.6 cm
Vu  244.9 3.22.45  0.40  0.4590.40  0.459  1740 kN
Φ VC is the smallest of
Φ0.33 fc' bod  0.75 0.33 253436 459 1952 kN
 2  2 
Φ0.17 fc' 1  bod  0.75 0.17 25 1  3436 459  3016 kN
 βc   0.4/0.4 
 αd
Φ0.083 f c'  2 s  bo d 0.750.083 25  2 
40 459 
3436 459  3605kN
 bo   3436 
Φ VC  1952 kN  Vu  1740kN OK
i.e. footing thickness is adequate for resisting punching shear.
40
Example
6- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction:
In short direction
ΦVc  0.750.17 25  2450459  717kN 45.9
245
Vu is located at distance d from face of column
 3.2  0.4  
Vu  244.9 2.45    0.459   565 kN
 2  
320
ΦVc= 717 kN > Vu= 565 kN OK
In long direction
ΦVc  0.750.17 25 3200459  936 kN
245
45.9
Vu is located at distance d from face of column
 2.45  0.4  
Vu  244.93.2    0.459   444 kN
 2  
320
ΦVc= 936 kN > Vu= 444 kN OK

41
Example
7- Calculate the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
a- Reinforcement in the long direction:
The critical section for bending is shown in the figure Critical section for moment
B  L  C1 
1.4
2.45  3.2  0.4 
2 2
M u  q u net     244.9   
2 2  2  2 
 588 kN .m
245
0.85 25  2  58810 6 
ρ 1- 1- 
420  0.9 0.85 25 2450  4592  320
2
 0.0031  A s  0.0031 459  2450  3500 mm
24.49 x 2.45
A s,min  0.0018 550  2450  2430 mm2

2
As,req  3500 mm  2314mm in long direction
42
Example
b- Reinforcement in the short direction:
The critical section for bending is shown in the figure
L  B C2  3.2  2.45  0.4 

2 2
M u  q u net     244.9
2 2  2  2


 412 kN .m
Critical section for moment
245
0.85 25  2 412106 
1.025
ρ 1- 1- 
420  0.9 0.85 25 3200  4592  320
2
 0.0016  A s  0.0016 459 3200  2411mm
24.49 x 2.8
1.025
2
As,min  0.0018 550 3200  3170 mm
2
As,req  3170 mm
43
Example
b- Reinforcement in the short direction:
The distribution of the reinforcement is as follows:
  L  3.2 1.3 42.5 Width band =245 42.5
 2 
B 2.45
Central band reinft.    As
 β 1 
2Φ14 B
18Φ14 B
2Φ14 B
245
 
2 
  3170  2757 mm 2
 1.3 1 
320
Use 18 14 mm in the central band.
 3170  2756   207 mm 2
For each of the side bands, A s   
 2 
Use 214 mm in each of the two side bands.
44
Example
For the column

A1  400 400  160000mm 2
Pn ,c   0.85f cA1   0.65( 0.85 25160000)  221010 3 N  2210kN
For the footing
In short direcion: 1025mm 1100mm  Use 1025 mm
1400
1100
245
h= 550
1025
1
320
45
Example
A 2  400  2 1025 400  2 1025  6002500mm 2
 A2 
Pn ,f  min   0.85f cA1  ;2 0.85f cA1 
 A1 
 
Pn ,f  min 
6002500
2210 ; 2 2210   4420kN
 160000 
 Pn  min  Pn ,c ;  Pn ,f  min 2210; 4420 2210kN  Pu  1920 kN
Use minimum dowel reinforcement
1025 + 400+ 1025
1025 + 400+ 1025
46
Example
Minimum dowel reinforcement

2
As ,min  0.005A1  0.005 400 400  800mm
Use 416, As,sup = 804 mm2
47
Example
Bottom longitudinal reinforcement (Φ14mm)
α=1.0 for bottom bars, β=1.0 for uncoated bars
1.4
α β =1.0 <1.7 OK
C the smallest of 7.5+0.7=8.3 cm
245
[245-2(7.5)-1.4]/(22)/(2)=5.2 cm
i.e., C is taken as 5.2 cm 320
C  K tr 5.2  0 C  K tr
  3.7  2.5  i.e.,use  2.5
db 1.4 db
 420   (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0) 
ld   1.1 25   1.4  34 cm
  2.5 
Available length in long direction =140-7.5=132.5 > 34 cm
48
Example
Bottom reinforcement in short direction (Φ14mm)
α=1.0 for bottom bars, β=1.0 for uncoated bars
α β =1.0 <1.7 OK
245
C the smallest of 7.5+0.7=8.3 cm
1.025
[320-2(7.5)-1.4]/(19)/(2)=8 cm
i.e., C is taken as 5.2 cm 320
C  K tr 8  0 C  K tr
  5.7  2.5  i.e.,use  2.5
db 1.4 db
 420   (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0) 
ld   1.1 25   1.4  34 cm
  2.5 
Available length in short direction =102.5-7.5=95 > 34 cm
49
Example
Dowel reinforcement (Φ16mm):
0.24f y d b 0.24 42016 

   323mm 
l dc  max  fc ' 25   323mm  200mm
0.043f d  0.04342016=289mm
 y b 
Available length = 550-75-14-14 = 447 mm > 323 mm  OK
Column reinforcement splices:

Considering that the column is reinforced with 16 bars
ls  0.071f yd b  0.071 42016  478 mm  300 mm
taken as 48cm > ls (compn.)
50
Example
10- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement
48cm
55 cm 245 (18Φ14)
3.20 m
18Φ14 B
2Φ14 B
2Φ14 B
2.45 m
23Φ14 B
42.5 Width band =245 42.5
51
Dr. Nader Okasha
Lecture 14
Staircase Design
Stair Types
2
Stair Types
3
Stair Types
4
Stair Types
5
Technical terms
•Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
•Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
•Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
•Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
•Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
6
Technical terms
•Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.
•Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
•Nosing: the intersection of the going and the riser.
•Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosings of
all treads and the soffit above.
7
General Design Requirements
8
Stair type based on the structural loading type
Simply supported stair Simply supported stair

(transversely supported) (longitudinally supported)
9 Cantilever stair
Design of transversely supported stairs
Loading:
a. Dead load:
The dead load includes own weight of the step, own weight of the waist
slab, and surface finishes on the steps and on the soffit.
b. Live Load:
Live load is taken as building design live load plus 1.5 kN/m2, with a
maximum value of 5 kN/m2.
10
Direction of bending
Main reinforcement
Shrinkage reinforcement
11 Direction of bending
Design for Shear and Flexure:
Each step is designed for shear and

flexure as if it is a beam. Main
reinforcement runs in the transverse
direction at the bottom side of the t
steps while shrinkage reinforcement
runs at the bottom side of the slab in
the longitudinal direction. Since the
step is not rectangular, the effective
depth d is found by an equivalent
rectangular section that can be used
with an average height equal to: R
havg
12
t
Example 1
Design a straight flight stair in a residential building
supported on reinforced concrete walls 1.5 m apart (center
to center), given:
L.L = 3 kN/m2; covering material = 0.5 kN/m; The risers
are 16 cm and goings are 30 cm; fc’=25 MPa, fy= 420 MPa
13
Loads and Analysis
l 1.5
t   
0.075m 20
20
t

0.075 0.16
have    0.165m
 0.34  2
0.30
D.L(O.W) =0.340.075  25 + (1/2)  0.16  0.3  25=1.24 kN/m

D.L (covering material) = 0.5 kN/m
0.3
D.L (total) = 1.74 kN/m 0.16 
L.L =30.3 =0.9 kN/m
0.302  0.162 0.34
1.5 m
14
Shear diagram
Moment diagram
15
Design for moment
M u  1kN .m
d  165  20  6  139mm
bw  300mm
 2M u 
  0.85 f c ' 1 1 
fy   0.85f c ' b d 2
 
0.8525 1 1  21106 
     0.0005
2 
420 
  0.90.85 25 300 139  
2
As  0.0005 300139  20.9mm
2
As ,min  0.0018 300165  89.1mm  As
2
 As  As ,min  89.1mm
Use 112 for each step
16
Design for shear
 V C  0.75 0.17 25 139  300 /1000  26kN V u  2.65kN OK
17
Design of longitudinally supported stairs
Direction of bending
Shrinkage reinforcement
Main reinforcement
18
19
Deflection Requirement:
Since a flight of stairs is stiffer than a slab of thickness equal to the waist t,
minimum required slab depth is reduced by 15 %.
Effective Span:
The effective span is taken as the horizontal distance between centerlines of
supporting elements.
n = number of goings
X = Width of
supporting landing slab
at one end of the stairs
slab
Y = Width of
at the other end of the
20 stairs slab.
Deflection Requirement:
Since a flight of stairs is stiffer than a slab of thickness equal to the waist t,
minimum required slab depth is reduced by 15 %.
Effective Span:
The effective span is taken as the horizontal distance between centerlines of
supporting elements.
n = number of goings
X = Width of
at one end of the stairs
slab
Y = Width of
at the other end of the
21 stairs slab.
Loading:
a. Dead Load:
The dead load, which can be calculated on horizontal plan, includes:
•Own weight of the steps.
•Own weight of the slab.
•Surface finishes on the flight and on the landings.
Note: For flight load calculations, the part of load acting on slope is to be increased
by dividing it by cosα. This is because analysis for moment and shear is conducted on
the horizontal span of the flight, but the load is that carried on the inclined span.
P
P= wo.w.Linc
.Linc
22
w=P/L= wo.w.Linc/L= wo.w./cosα
.L
Loading:
b. Live Load:
Live load is taken as the building design live load plus 1.5 kN/m2, with a
maximum value of 5 kN/m2. Live load is always given on the horizontal
projection.
23
Joint detail:
The stairs slab is designed for maximum shear and flexure. Main
reinforcement runs in the longitudinal direction, while shrinkage
reinforcement runs in the transverse direction. Special attention has to be
paid to reinforcement detail at opening joints.
24
Example 2
Design the U- stair in a residential building shown in the
figure, given:
L.L = 3 kN/m2; covering material = 2 kN/m2; The rises are 16
cm and goings are 30 cm, fc’=25 MPa, fy= 420 MPa
25
Loads and Analysis
l 525
t  0.85  
22cm 20
20
cos() = 0.3/ 0.34 = 0.88
Take a unit strip along the span:
D.L (slab) = 0.221.025/0.88 =6kN/m
0.3
D.L (step) = (1/2)  0.161.0  25=2 kN/m 0.16
D.L (covering material) = 21.0=2 kN/m 0.34
D.L (flight) = 10 kN/m

D.L (landing) = 8 kN/m
L.L =3 1.0=3 kN/m
Wu (flight) = 1.2(10)+1.6(3)=16.8kN/m
Wu (landing) = 1.2(8)+1.6(3)=14.4kN/m
26
Moment and shear diagram
16.8kN/m
14.4kN/m 14.4kN/m
27
Design for moment
M u  52.2kN .m
d  22  2  0.6  19.4cm  194mm
bw 1000mm
0.8525 1 1  252.2106 

  0.85 0.9 25 1000194  
  0.0037
420  
2
 

2
As  0.00371000194  718mm
As ,min  0.00181000 220  396mm 2
A OK
s
Use 812
(22)=3.96 cm2/m
Design for shear

28
 V C  0.75 0.17 25 1941000 / 1000  127.3kN V u  38.25kN OK
29
Design of quarter-turn stairs
A landing may be shared on two different stair slabs. The load of the shared
landing can be assumed to be divided equally and each stair slab carries on
30 half.
Design of stair beams
Ls ws
P
P=wsLs/2
w=P/(L/2)
31
L/2

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Reinforced Concrete Design I

Dr. Nader Okasha

Instructor Dr. Nader Okasha.

Office Hours As needed.

This course is only offered for 2010 students who

If you don’t meet this criteria you will not be

Design of Reinforced Concrete. 7th edition, McCormac, J.C.

Reinforced Concrete Design. By Dr. Sameer Shihada.

Additional references (internationally recognized books in

Reinforced Concrete, A fundamental Approach. Edward Nawy.

Design of Concrete Structure. Nilson A. et al.

Reinforced Concrete Design. Kenneth Leet.

Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design. James K. Wight,

The art of design

Design is an analysis of trial sections. The strength

The load effect on a section is determined using

The strength of a reinforced concrete section is

7,8 Bond, development length, splicing and bar cutoff.

8,9 Design of isolated footings.

Course work: 20%

Show all your assumptions and work details. Prepare neat

No late HWs will be accepted. Homework solutions will be

Policy towards cell-phone use

Policy towards discipline during class

Zero tolerance will be practiced.

No talking with other students is allowed.

Raise your hand before answering or asking questions.

Leaving during class is not allowed (especially for

Violation of discipline rules may have you dismissed from

Policy towards missed classes

Any collectively missed class MUST be made up.

A collectively missed class will be made up either on a

An absence from a lecture will loose you attendance points,

No late students will be allowed in class.

Anything mentioned in class is binding. No excuse for not

Units used in class

In all equations, the input and output units are as follows:

Units used in class

However, these quantities may be presented as

You MUST specify the unit of each result you obtain

f r  0.62 f c ACI Eq. 9-10

Advices for excelling in this course:

Keep up with the teacher and pay attention in class.

Study the lectures up to date.

Re-do the lecture examples.

Look at additional resources.

ENJOY THE COURSE!!

Dr. Nader Okasha

2. Mechanical properties of concrete

2. It has great resistance to the actions of fire and water.

3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.

4. It is a low maintenance material.

5. It has very long service life.

7. It can be cast into many shapes.

8. It can be made from inexpensive local materials.

9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erecting.

Although there are several types of ordinary Portland cements,

Concrete made with normal Portland cement require about two

 Type II: Lower heat of hydration

 Type III: High Early Strength

 Type V: Sulfate Resisting

If the desired type of cement is not available, different

The quantity of water relative to that of the cement, called