Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Ethnie
Nation
State
Ethnonationalism
Territorial ethnic movements seeking
autonomy or independence
peripheral to the union – OR –
pro-Europe
'Europe of the regions'
No threat to EU
'Europe of the nations'
Different type of ethnicity and nationalism
Pose a challenge to the EU
1. Dominant Nationhood
2. Ethnic minorities/immigrant minorities
3. Dominant ethnicity
The EU: A cosmopolitan project
60%
40%
20%
0%
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Growing Cosmopolitanism in
Europe…
'Very Proud' of Country,
1970 and mid-80s
100% 1970
80% 1981-85
60%
40%
20%
0%
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Growing Cosmopolitanism in
Europe…
Predictors of Lack of National Pride, 1982-2002
140
120
100
z-score
80
60
40
20
0
back EU year education level low or non-church
membrshp attender
National Pride and Opinion of EU Membership,
1982-2002 Pride in Nation
85%
80%
75%
70%
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1994 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002
Do you feel national,
European or Both (2004)?
Ethnic minorities/
immigrant minorities -
Religious beliefs may challenge
Enlightenment beliefs
EU identity diluted (i.e. 'from Tsar to
Sultan')
Strengthens dominant ethnicity
Immigrant Integration
Different paths to integration
In UK, second generation is doing much
better (esp. Hindu, Chinese)
UK: Intermarriage more among Afro-Caribs
than Indo-Pakistani
UK & Holland: Caribbean Christians &
'Indos' better integrated than Muslim ethnic
groups
Evidence of racial segregation in friendships
'Superdiversity'?: Inflow by
region UK 2001
West Europe Other Europe
North Europe
South Europe
East Asia
Eastern Europe
Other America
South America
North America
Central Americ South-Central Asia
Caribbean
Other Africa
West Africa
Southern Africa
South-East Asia
North Africa
West Asia
Middle Africa other Asia
East Africa
India
Bangladesh
Nigeria
North Africa
Other Eastern Europe
Poland
Non EU countries in Western Europe
EU Countries Republic of Ireland
Religious Retention among Second
Generation Immigrant Stock in the UK
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The Role of Education & Age,
Germany
Support For Republikaner Party,
by Age & Education, Bavaria 1989
12%
10%
8% Low
6% Med
4% High
2%
0%
18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+
The Far Right as a Worker's
Party?
Anti-elitist, anti-political
class
Claim that elite
consensus 'represses'
debate on immigration
In virtually no European
country does main left-
wing party retain
majority support among
white male workers
Dominant Ethno-Nationalism:
Theories
Instrumentalist - dominant ethno-
nationalism is driven by immigrant
competition with natives for jobs
Ethno-symbolist - perceived violation of
‘sacred,’ historicised ethnie-nation link is the
key
‘Constructivist’ (Psychological) - Rapid
change brings disorientation and a quest for
order among those affected by change
Multiculturalism
Kymlicka's Liberalism,
Community and Culture
(1989), followed by a
number of works in 1990s
Taylor's Multiculturalism and
the Politics of Recognition
(1994)
Inspired partly by
'multicultural' movement of
minorities for 'recognition' vis
a vis majority culture in
Canada
Canadian multiculturalism
policy dates from 1971,
similar demands in US since
late 60s
Typology of Multiculturalism
Varieties of Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism
Demographic
State Policy Ideology
Fact
Cosmopolitan Communitarian
Polyethnicity Multinationality Multiculturalism Multiculturalism
Cultural Recognition
Political Empowerment
Socio-Economic Redistribution
Cosmopolitan-multiculturalist vision
Dominant ethnic groups lose identity and
members become cosmopolitan
individualists
Ethnic minorities retain their identity and
provide consumer choice and 'colour'
Bourne, c. 1916: WASPs 'breathe a larger
air', Jews 'stick to their faith'
Contradiction: cosmopolitanism among
hosts, ethnicity among immigrants
The New Cultural Cosmopolitanism