Introduction to Immunology

What is immunology?
• Immune (Latin- “immunus”)
– To be free, exempt
– People survived ravages of epidemic diseases
when faced with the same disease again
• The study of physiological mechanisms that
humans and other animals use to defend
their bodies from invading organisms
– Bacteria - Viruses
– Fungi - Parasites - Toxins
 Immunology lingo
• Antigen
– Any molecule that binds to immunoglobulin or T cell receptor
• Pathogen
– Microorganism that can cause disease
• Antibody (Ab)
– Secreted immunoglobulin
• Immunoglobulin (Ig)
– Antigen binding molecules of B cells
• Vaccination
– Deliberate induction of protective immunity to a pathogen
• Immunization
– The ability ro resist ifection
 The immune system
Immune system

Innate (non-specific) immunity Adaptive (specific) immunity

•Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous •Antigen specificity

membranes)
•Diversity
•Physological barriers
(temperature, pH) •Immunological memory

•Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat •Self/nonself recognition

invaders)
•Inflammatory barriers (redness,
swelling, heat and pain)
Pierre Dönnes Andreas Hildebrandt Annette Höglund
pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
 Immunology cell histology
• Polymorphonuclear
– Lobed nucleus
• Mononuclear
– Non-lobed nucleus
• Granulocyte
– Many granules seen in cytoplasm
• Neutral
– Does not stain to acidic or basic compounds
• Acidic (red-pink)
– Stains to acidic compounds (Eosin)
• Basic (blue-purple)
– Stains to basic compounds
 Cells of the Immune system
• Many cells of
the immune
system derived
from the bone
marrow
• Hematopoetic
stem cell
differentiation
 Components of blood
Serum vs. Plasma
• Serum: cell-free liquid, minus the
clotting factors
• Plasma: cell-free liquid with clotting
factors in solution (must use an
anticoagulant)
Components of blood
 Lymphocytes
• Many types; important
in both humoral and
cell-mediated immunity
• B-cells produce
antibodies
• T- cells
– Cytotoxic T cells
– Helper T cells
• Memory cells
 Lymphocytes
• Plasma Cell (in tissue)
– Fully differentiaited B
cells, secretes Ab
• Natural Killer cells
– Kills cells infected with
certain viruses
– Both innate and adaptive
– Antigen presentation
 Monocytes/Macrophage
• Phagocytosis and killing of
microorganisms
– Activation of T cells and
initation of immune
response
• Monocyte is a young
macrophage in blood
• There are tissue-specific
macrophages
• Antigen Presentation
 Dendritic Cells
• Activation of T cells and
initiate adaptive immunity
• Found mainly in
lymphoid tissue
• Function as antigen
presenting cells (APC)
• Most potent stimulator of
T-cell response
 Mast Cells
• Expulsion of parasites through
release of granules
• Histamine, leukotrienes,
chemokines, cytokines
• Also involved in allergic responses
 Neutrophil
• Granulocyte
– Cytoplasmic granules
• Polymorphonuclear
• Phagocytosis
• Short life span (hours)
• Very important at “clearing” bacterial
infections
• Innate Immunity
 Eosinophils
• Kills Ab-coated parasites
through degranulation
• Involved in allergic inflammation
• A granulocyte
• Double Lobed nucleus
• Orange granules contain toxic
compounds
 Basophils
• Might be “blood Mast cells’
• A cell-killing cells
– Blue granules contain toxic
and inflammatory
compounds
• Important in allergic
reactions
 Other Blood Cells
• Megakaryocyte
– Platelet formation
– Wound repair
• Erythrocyte
– Oxygen transport
 2º
2º

1º
Major Tissues
2º
2º • Primary Lymph
tissues
2º
2º – Cells originate
or mature

2º
• Secondary
1º
Lymph Tissues
 Humoral and cellular immunity
(antibody mediated or cellular)

Pierre Dönnes Andreas Hildebrandt Annette Höglund

pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
 B cells
Surface bound antibody
Antibody secreting B cell

Antigen

B-cell

Soluble antibodies, circculate in the body

Pierre Dönnes Andreas Hildebrandt Annette Höglund

pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
 Antibody secreting B cell

B-cell

Virus killed

Pierre Dönnes Andreas Hildebrandt Annette Höglund

pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
 T cells
• Two types:
– Helper T cells (Th): activates other cells
– Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): can kill other cells
• T cells can only recognize antigens
associated with certain molecules (MHC)

Pierre Dönnes Andreas Hildebrandt Annette Höglund

pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Presentation of antigens to T cells
• Proteins (peptides) from inside the cell are
presented by MHC I molecules to Tc cells.
• Proteins (peptides) from the outside of cells
are presented by MHC II molecules to Th
cells.
• MHC I on almost all cells
• MHC II on specialized antigen-presenting cells

Pierre Dönnes Andreas Hildebrandt Annette Höglund

pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
 Antigen presentig cell

MHC II + peptide
Th

Virus infected cell, cancer cell

Tc MHC I + peptide

Pierre Dönnes Andreas Hildebrandt Annette Höglund

pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
Pierre Dönnes Andreas Hildebrandt Annette Höglund
pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de
 Types of Immunity
• Innate Immunity
– Host defense mechanisms that act from the start of
an infection but do not adapt to a particular pathogen
– Recognize “patterns’ of a.a., saccharides, etc..
– Monocyte
– Macrophage
– Granulocyte :
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
– Epidermis
– Submucous layer
• Adaptive Immunity
– Response of an antigen specific B and T
lymphocytes to an antigen
– Immunological memory
 Types of Immunity
• Humoral immunity
– Immunity that is mediated by antibodies
– Can be transferred by to a non-immune
recipient by serum
• Cell Mediated Immunity
– Immune response in which antigen specific T
cells dominate
 Immune Response
• Biological body response either innate or
adaptive immune system on exogenous
agent to keep homeostasis ;
1. to neutralize immunogen
2. to eliminate tissue damage
3. inhibiting excessive proliferations

KONAS PETRI,
Semarang, 2011
 Hypersensitivity Reactions

• Reaction Type I (Anaphylaxis with AB Ig E)

• Reaction type II (Cytolitic or cytotoxic with AB
Ig M / Ig G)
• Reaction type III (immune complex reaction
with AB Ig M / Ig G)
• Reaction type IV (cell-mediated immunity or
type reactions slow)
 Imunopatogenesis
Kortikosteroid APC
C3a, C5a LPS
IMUNOCOM
LPS bp SUPER ANTIGEN

C7a MHC II
CD 14
TLR 4 CD 4+ TCR
IL - 10
IFN -g IL - 4
TLR2 TH - 1 TH - 2 IL - 5 B cell
IL - 6
CSF Ig
IL 8
SEPSIS
IL 6 IL-2
IL -1 N
Compl.
TNF -a CD 8+
MOD
NK
PAI-1 PGE ICAM -1
2 NO

SHOCK
SEPTIC (Guntur, 2000)