TOPIC 3:

PAVEMENT MATERIALS
Part 1
Materials used in highway:
a) Aggregate
b) Binder
i. Bitumen and asphalt
ii. Tar
c) Filler
d) Cement
e) Steel reinforcement

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Function:
o Aggregate:
o Responsible for bearing stress occurring on roads and
also to resist wear due to abrasive action of the traffic.
o Binder
o To act as adhesive between the chipping and the road
surface, as a water-sealant and as a dust proofing
agent.
o Filler
o Use to fill space in interlocking pavement and to give
more durability for pavement.
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3.1 AGGREGATE

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 Road Aggregates

Natural Artificial

Igneus Sedimentary Matamorphic

-Basalt -Flint -Hornfelts
-Gabbro -Gritstone -Quartzite
-Granite -Limestone -Schist Blasifurnace
-Porphy Slag
Burnt Shale
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Natural road
aggregate
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Figure 3.1: Sources natural aggregate
a) Igneous Rock
• Igneous rocks formed
from hot liquid or
magma, cooling
either above or
beneath the earth’s
surface.

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Igneous Rock 11
Name of Geological Properties Suitability for road
rock group making

Granite Igneous rock Hard, durable, bulk density below Very good for
2.80, blue, pink in colour, fine bituminous course
grained coarse grained texture, and cement
resistance to abrasion, low water concrete pavement.
absorption.

Trap and Igneous rock Hard, durable, bulk density about Very good for
basalt 2.3-3.0, blue or dark blue in colour. bituminous course
Find grained resistance to abrasion, and cement
low water absorption. concrete pavement,
for masonry work,
suitable for R.C.C
work.
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b) Sedimentary Rock
• Sedimentary rocks – the action of wind or water on rock’s
surface results on the formation of smaller particles. These
particles are deposited on river or sea beds or depressions in
the earth’s surface. This sediment accumulates and is buried -
compaction and cementation over the years removes the air
and water to form sedimentary rocks.

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Sedimentary Rock

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Name of Geological Properties Suitability for road
rock group making
Lime stone Sedimentary Reasonably hard and durable liable Good for base
rock to polish to a smooth surface courses,
under traffic. bituminous courses
and cement
concrete
pavement, used for
R.C.C work, suitable
for masonry work.

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c) Metamorphic Rock
• Metamorphic rock – heat, pressure and chemical substances deep
beneath the earth’s surface act on existing igneous and
sedimentary rocks to form a new type called metamorphic rocks.
• Example : marble (not suitable for road making)

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Metamorphic Rock

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Name of Geological Properties Suitability for road
rock group making
Quartzite Metamorphic Reasonably hard and durable, Good for base
rock fine to medium grain size, light course and sub-
brown or pink in colour, resistant base, can be used
to abrasion, bulk density about as surface course in
2.5-2.8, low water absorption. an unimportant
roads.

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Artificial Road
Aggregate
Artificial aggregate
• Example : Blast furnace slag is, perhaps, the only artificially
prepared aggregate used in road construction. It is obtained as a by-
product in the manufacture of steel.
o Example:
o Slag, klinker & syal hangus.

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Coarse aggregate
• Screenings shall be produced by crushing stone and or
gravel conforming to the quality requirements for coarse
aggregate.
• Coarse aggregates shall be material substantially retained
on 2.4mm sieve opening and shall be crushed rock or
crushed gravel and free from foreign materials.

Coarse aggregate
-passing sieve 28mm
and retained sieve
2.38mm
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Fine aggregate
• Fine aggregates shall be material passing a 2.4 mm
sieve opening. It shall be clean natural sand or
screenings or a mixture thereof.
• Fine aggregate shall be clean, hard, durable and free
from clay, mud and other foreign materials.

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Mineral filler
• Mineral Filler shall be Portland cement and shall conform to
the following grading requirements.

Filler
- Serbuk halus
(passing sieve
75mm)

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Requirements of a good aggregate:
o Strength
o Hardness
o Toughness
o Durability/Soundness
o Shape of aggregate
o Bitumen adhesion property(good affinity with bitumen)
o Less water absorption

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• Strength – resistance of an aggregate to crushing.
Aggregate must strong enough to withstand the
stress due to traffic loads.
• Aggregate Crushing Value Test
• Hardness – resistance to abrasion. Aggregate must
adequate hardness to resist the abrasion.
• Polished Stone Value Test
• Toughness – resistance to impact. Impact come from
due to moving traffic loads. The magnitude of impact
depends upon the roughness of road surface, speed
of vehicles and etc.
• AIV Test 25
• Shape of aggregate – aggregates are generally available in
rounded, cubical, angular, flaky and elongated shapes. Flaky
and elongated particles have less strength and durability then
the angular, cubical or rounded particles of same stone. Flaky
and elongated aggregate should not be used in construction.
Rounded suitable for concrete pavement due to better
workability in the same water-cement ratio.
• Flakiness & Elongation Test
• Durability – aggregate should be sound enough to resist the
weathering action.
• Soundness Test

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Test for Road Aggregate:
a) Aggregate Impact Value Test
b) Polished Stone Value Test
c) Aggregate Crushing Value Test
d) Flakiness Index Test
e) Elongation Test
f) Soundness Test
g) Penetration Test
h) Softening Point test
i) Viscosity Test
j) Flash & Fire Point Test
k) Ductility Test
l) Floatation Test
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a) Aggregate Impact Value
o Objective: To evaluate the resistance of aggregates to fracture
under repeated impacts.

Value of AIV Description

Less 10% Very strong
10-20% Considered Strong
20-30% Suitable for road surfing
Not exceed 45% Base course
30% Wearing course
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 AIV = M2 X 100

M1

Where,

M1 = Weight of sample

M2 = Weight retained 2.36 mm sieve

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b) Polished Stone Value

o Objective: To determine resistance of aggregates used for road

wear caused by polishing action of vehicle tyre on a real surface.

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 c) Aggregate Crushing Value
o Objective : To determine the aggregate crushing strength.
o ACV for hard type of aggregate is low and for soft type of aggregate
is high.
o For good aggregates to be used in base course, ACV should not
exceed 45% and for surface course it should not exceed 30%.

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ACV = weight aggregate passing through 2.36mm x 100%
weight before crushing test 33
d) Flakiness Index Test
• Aggregate particles are classified as flaky when
they have a thickness (smallest dimension) of less
than 0.6 of their mean sieve size.
• The flakiness index of an aggregate sample is
found by separating the flaky particles and
expressing their mass as a percentage of the mass
of the sample tested.
• FI of aggregate to be used in road construction
should not exceed 25%.
• It preferred if it is kept below 15%. 34
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 e) Elongation Index

• Aggregate particles are classified as elongation

when they have a length (greatest dimension) of
more than 1.8 of their mean sieve size.
• The elongation index is found by separating the
elongation particles and expressing their mess as
a percentage of the mass of sample tested.
• Value of EI should not exceed 15% for good
aggregate and normally must not exceed 25%.
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 f) Penetration Index
• Objectives- To examine the consistency of a sample of
bitumen by determining the distance in tenths of a
millimeter that a standard needle vertically penetrates the
bitumen specimen under known conditions of loading,
time and temperature.
• (Malaysian Standard (JKR) = 80 / 100

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The Penetration Apparatus
 g) Softening Point Test
• Objectives-To determine
the softening point of
bitumen with range 30oC
to 157oC by means of the
Ring and Ball apparatus.
• The softening point value
has particular significance
for materials which are to
be used as thick films, such
as joint and crack fillers 38
and roofing materials. Apparatus for the bitumen Softening Point Test
 h) Viscosity Test
• Objective-Viscosity is a property of a liquid and is
defined as the resistance of a liquid to flow. The
purpose of this experiment was to determine if
the temperature of a liquid affects the viscosity of
the liquid.

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 i) Flash & Fire Point Test
Objectives- This experiment is to obtain the temperature
level of the asphalt materials for flash and fire point. This
is to know its optimum temperature level.

Flash Point – The flash point of a material is the lowest

temperature at which the application of test flame causes
the vapors’ from the material to momentarily catch fire in
the form of a flash under specified conditions of the test.

Fire Point – The fire point is the lowest temperature at

which the application of test flame causes the material to
ignite and burn at least for 5 seconds under specified
conditions of the test. 40
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 j) Ductility Test
 Objectives- The ductility of bituminous material is measured by the distance to which
it will elongate before breaking when two ends of a briquette specimen of the
material; are pulled apart at a specified speed and at a specified temperature. Unless
otherwise specified, the test shall be made at a temperature of 25  0.5 C (77  0.9
F) and with a speed of 5 cm per minute plus or minus 5.0 %.
 The bitumen binder which does not possess sufficient ductility would crack and thus
road pavement is affected.

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 k) Floatation Test
Objectives- The float value is one of the prime characteristics for
identifying "high float" asphalt emulsions. This high float characteristics
enables softer asphalt materials to remain in place on the roadway
without running off.

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3.2 BINDERS

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What is the functions of binder????

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Function of Binder

• Adhesive
• Water Sealant
Functions • Dust Proofing
Agent

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Bitumen
• In Malaysia, the term of
Minerals Percentage
bitumen refers to the binder
material, which produces Content (%)
from refinery of crude oil. Carbon 80-85
• The mixer of bitumen and
aggregate is called asphaltic Hydrogen 10
concrete.
• The chemical compositions Sulfur 1-5
of bitumen are listed as
shown in table below. Nitrogen 1

Oxygen <1
• Bitumen can be obtained from two main sources which are:
• Natural sources – bitumen which is located in geological stratum and
can be obtained in the hard and soft form.
• Petroleum bitumen – bitumen in colloidal form obtained from refinery
process of crude oil and has been widely used in the road construction.
Types of Bitumen

Penetration
Bitumen

Bitumen

Cutback Emulsified
Bitumen Bitumen 49
a) Penetration bitumen
• It is produce from the petroleum distillation process.
• It is used as a binder material in pavement especially to
produce premix.
• The grade of penetration bitumen classified according to the
penetration test ranging from 40 – 300 while based on the
viscosity test ranging from 5 – 40.
• For example a bitumen of 80/100 signifies that its range of
penetration is 80-100.
 b) Cut Back Bitumen
o Cut back bitumen is produced based on the bitumen with the
percentage ranging from 50-80% was mixed with the
petroleum.
o When it is mixed with aggregate, the petroleum will
evaporate and it allows for the bitumen to interlock with the
aggregate.
o According to the rate of evaporation, this kind of bitumen can
be classified into three groups:
o Rapid Curing (RC)
o Medium Curing (MC)
o Slow Curing (SC)
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• Rapid Curing (RC)
• It has been used for the tack coat and surface treatment.
• Produced by mixing the bitumen with petrol.
• Medium Curing (MC)
• Produced by mixing the bitumen with kerosene.
• It has been used for prime coat and cold mix for the
patching work.
• Slow Curing (SC)
• Produced by mixing the bitumen with the diesel.
• It has been used especially for the prime coat, cold mix for
patching work and dust control.
c) Emulsion Bitumen
o Emulsion bitumen is produce by mixing the bitumen (55-65%)
with water and emulsifier in the colloidal rotor.
o This situation will reduce the viscosity of bitumen and allow
them to be used at low temperature.
o Can be used in soil stabilization.

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o The type of bitumen depends to emulsifying agent that is
used. The two types of are as follows:
o Anionic
o Contains the negative bitumen globule
o This bitumen is produce when positive emulsifying agent is used
– alkali.
o It is suitable to be used with aggregates which have positive
charge like limestone.
o Cationic
o Contains the positive bitumen globule.
o This bitumen is produced when negative emulsifying agent is
used – acid.
o It is suitable to be used with the aggregates which have negative
charge like sand, quartz and silica.
Tar

Tar is a by product of the destructive

distillation of coal.

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Comparison between bitumen and
tar
Bitumen Tar
1. It is dark brown to black in colour 1. It is dark brown to black in colour
2. It is obtained from crude 2. It is obtained from the
petroleum or from natural destructive distillation of wood or
deposits. coal.
3. It is costlier than tar 3. It is cheaper than bitumen
4. It takes less time to set 4. It takes more time to set.
5. It is less temperature susceptible 5. It is more temperature
6. Bitumen contains low percentage susceptible
of carbon than tar 6. Tar contains higher percentage of
7. Bitumen does not have any carbon than bitumen.
toxicity 7. Tar possess phenol which is toxic.
8. It is useful for road construction. 8. It is useful for roofing materials
and joint fillers. 58
3.3 FILLER

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Filler
• Example: Hydrated lime or Portland Cement
• Function: May be effective to improve the adhesion between
bitumen binder and aggregates, thus reducing the stripping
problem.

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THANK YOU