UNIT 3

MATTER

JERICHO CENIZA 8 SSC-B

Module 1
THE PARTICLES NATURE OF MATTER
WHAT IS MATTER?
> Is anything that
occupies space and
mass
 MATTER
The characteristics that describe a sample of
matter is called properties.
The matter have different properties.
Analytical Balance and Weighing scale- used
to measure the mass of each sample of
matter.
Mass- measure of the amount of matter the
object has.
Each sample of matter occupies space.
 MATTER
Volume- measure of the space occupied by an
object.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
A Physical Property is a
characteristic that can
be observe without
changing or trying to
change the substance .
 PROPERTIES DEPEND ON SIZE

Volume
Mass and
Weight
 PROPERTIES DO NOT DEPEND ON
SIZE
Density
Melting and Boiling
Point
Solubility
Color
 OTHER PROPERTIES OF MATTER
> Hardness
> Texture
> Color
Flexibility
Malleability
Electrical conductor
CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF MATTER

 A CHARACTERISTICS
THAT CANNOT BE
OBSERVED WITHOUT
CHANGING A
SUBSTANCE.
 Leucippus and Democritus
Nature consisted of two
thing, atoms and void that
surrounds them.
atoms are physically, but
not geometrically,
indivisible.
 Democritus
Atoms are indestructible and completely
full, so there is no empty space.
Any piece of matter can be divided and
subdivided into very small particles , he
called this particle, atomos, a Greek word
means indivisible particle.
 Aristotle
A Greek Philosopher
who challenge the
idea of democritus in
atom
In the early 1800,s the
English Chemist John
Dalton presented
concrete evidence that all
matter is made of very
small particles called atom
Atoms are very small, but they
are not indivisible as Democritus
thought, rather they consist of
still smaller particles, Democritus
was right in one aspect of his
belief, that atoms is the smallest
particle of which substance are
made.
Atoms of most element have ability to
combine with other atoms.
Different elements have different
properties because the combining atoms
are different and the way the atoms are
joined together are different.
Molecule- is a particle consisting of
two or more atoms combined together
in a specific arrangement.
- It is e.lectrically neutral
particle.
- It is the smallest particle of
an element or compound that can exist
independently
Atoms- particles cannot be seen under
the high-powered light microscope
used in school laboratories.
- to small to observed
- is it measured in angstrom.
Angstrom- is a unit of length equal to
one ten millionth in millimetry.
Microscopes:
1. Best Light Microscope- can magnify
up to 1 million times.
2. Scanning Tunneling Microscope-
can magnify upto 10 million times.
3. Electron Microscope- upto 1 million
times.
Pointilism- is a method of painting
using dots.
These dots can also be in groups or
they can be overlapping.
PARTICLES MODEL OF THE THREE
STATES OF MATTER.
PARTICLES OF MATTER
1. Solid – have definite shapes and
volume.
2. Liquid – particles are closer to one
another, attraction between spaces
are stronger.
3. Gas – particles are able to move
freely.
Some particles are moving faster than
others, have higher kinetic energy and
some are moving slower.
To break away from the surface of the
liquid, molecules must have atleast
some minimum kinetic energy.
PARTICLES MODEL
model- drawing or diagrams that are
representation of what is happening at
a level beyond what our eyes can see.

Sub-microscopic model – you cannot

observe with your senses or even aided
by a simple microscope.
Evaporation- molecules on the surface
of a liquid breaks away and change into
gas.

Molecules which did not escape and

left have a lower average kinetic
energy than molecules.
Evaporation is a cooling process.
Acetone and Rubbing Alcohol – are
examples of volatile liquid, readily to
evaporate.
Evaporation in a closed container – no
particles can escape into the air
outside.
Condersation- gas is changed into a
liquid
- it is reverse of
evaporation.
- responsible for ground-
level fog.
As intowater is heated, temperature
rises, water molecules gain more
kinetic energy and move faster.
Vapor- liquid g0 into gaseous state.

When heat transfer continues, the

particles gain more kinetic energy.
Melting- solid change to liquid.
Freezing- liquid change to solid.

Phase Changes:
1. Evaporation
2. Boiling
3. Condensation
4. Melting and Freezing
ATOMS
3 types of paticles also known as sub-
atomic particles
1. Electrons
2. Nuetrons
3. Protons
Scientific Instrument used to see atom.
The Sizes:
26.659 Kilometers
Depth 100 Kilometers
27 Kilometers from your Town.
Electrically Neutral- simply, nuetral but
they carried electrical charges.

Atoms contain positive and negative

charges, and most stables state nuetral
Protons- positive charges- (+1)
Electrons- negative charges- (-1)
Electrons- much lighter than protons
and neutrons.

The Protons and Nuetrons are also

called nucleons.

Nucleus- center of an atom

Most of the mass of an atom contained
in the nucleus.
J.J Thomson- atoms have negatively
(19th Cen.) charged particles, which
he called electrons.
- He proposed new model called the
plum pudding model, proposed that
the negatively charged electrons
embedded in a kind of cloud or soup of
positive charge.
Ernest Rutherford Group- tested J.J
Thompson’s model by bombarding a
very thin sheet of gold foil with
positively charged alpha particles
- Refered as alpha particles scattering
experiment.
- proposed the another model the
nuclear model.
Rutherford (1911) – suggested different
structure of atom where all are positively
charge and nearly all the masses of the
atgom.
Nuclear Model- the model that we hold
this time.
Planetary Model- One the model of the
electrons.
-electrons were though to move in orbits
around the nucleus.
-This is found to be incorrect.
All atoms of an elements contain the
some number of protons in their nuclei.
This number is the atomic number.

Number of protons is the same with

atoms. ( (+1) = atomic number ) , and
number of neutrons may vary.
Isotopes – same number of protons but
different in number of neutrons.
( p + n = isotopes )
- Identified through their mass number.

When electrons are lost or gained by

the atom, atom becomes an ion.
PERIODIC TABLE

The development of Periodic Table

could traced back in 1817 to the work of
Johann Dobereiner.

Johann Dobereiner- a german chemist

who formed the triad of element (1817)
Triad of elements- similar properties
like the triad of calcium, barium,
strantium.
John Newlands (1863)- proposed the
Law of Octaves, eight elements when
they are arranged in order of increasing
atomic number.
Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) –
both came up with periodic tables that
showed how the elements should be group
- The two did not personally know each other
but they came up with same conclusion
- Both arranged the elements in order of
increasing atomic mass while putting in
groups with similar properties
- They leave blank spaces in their periodic
table, believing that these spaces would be
fill later with elements yet to be discovered.
Henry Moseley (1914)- x-ray frequencies
- Ordering element by atomic number
- - led to the development of the
modern periodic table law, properties
of elements very periodically with
atomic number.
Vertical Columns- Group, or families.
Families Special Names:
Group 1- Alkali Metals
2- Alkaline Earth Metals
11- Halogens
18- Noble Gases
13 to 16- based on the first element
found on their families , ex : Group 16
oxygen Group.
Horizontal Rows- Periods
- Numbered from top to bottom
- There are seven horizontal rows
Group 3 to 12-reffered as transition
elements
- Lanthanides and actinides special
series but part of transition metals,
they call it inner transition metals.
Group 1 and 2( 16 through 18)- called
representative elements or main group.

Series of Metals:
Metals
Non-Metals
Semimetals o metaliods
Semiconductors- insulator at lower
temp. , but become conductors at
higher temp.

Properties of metals
Luster Conductivity
Malleability Ductility
Reactivity- metals reacts with another
substance
Corrosion – gradual wearing away of
metals due to interaction with another
substace

Iron Corrodes- when exposed to

commercial acetic acid or venigar
Electron Shells- electrons occupied
region around the nucleus.
-also called energy levels, electrons
shell corresponds to a particular
energy.
Electronic Configuration- way the
electrons of an atom are distributed in
the various energy levels or electron
shells.
One nearest to the nucleus- the lower
energy level.

Energy levels that electrons occupies

first- 2 Electrons
Succeeding Higher energy levels- more
that two electrons.
Valence shell or outermost shell-
highest level that an electrons
occupies.

Valence Electrons- electrons in the

valence shell.
 THAT
IS
THE
END OF MY REPORT