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Chapter Outline
9.1 Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Why do we need to study bonds?
Changes in these bonding forces are the underlying basis of chemical reactivity
During reaction:
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Metallic Bonding
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Lewis Electron-Dot Symbol
Note it’s a-group number (1A to 8A), which the number of valence-electron dots.
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Lewis Electron-Dot Symbol
Place one dot at a time on each of the four sides (top, right, bottom, left)
of the element symbol.
Keep adding dots, pairing them, until all are used up.
•• • • •
•N• or • N• or • N or N•
••
••
• •• • •
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Lewis Symbols and Bonding
For a metal, the total number of dots in the Lewis symbol is the
number of electrons the atom loses to form a cation.
The octet rule states that when atoms bond, they lose, gain, or share
electrons to attain a filled outer level of 8 electrons (or 2, for H and
Li).
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Lewis Structure
C N O
Needs 4 e-’s Needs 3 e-’s Needs 2 e-’s
Forms 4 bonds Forms 3 bonds Forms 2 bonds
H
H N H O H
H C H
H H
H H
H C H H N H O H
H H H
methane ammonia water
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Octet Rule
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Post Transition Metals
Example
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Translation Metal
Example
Fe3+ has extra stability compare with Fe2+ due to exactly half-filled d orbital.
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
Translation Metal
Not easy to predict which ions form and which are stable
But ions with exactly filled or half-filled d subshells are extra stable and tend to
form.
Example:
Mn2+ [Ar]3d5
Fe3+ [Ar]3d5
Zn2+ [Ar]3d10
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Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonding
The Ionic Bonding Model
The total number of electrons lost by the metal atom(s) equals the
total number of electrons gained by the nonmetal atom(s).
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The Ionic Bonding Model
Three ways to depict electron transfer in the formation of Li+ and F–
Electron configurations
Li 1s22s1 + F 1s22s22p5 → Li+ 1s2 + F– 1s22s22p6
Orbital diagrams
Li ↑↓ ↑ Li+ ↑↓
+ 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
F ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ F- ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
•• •• –
Li• •F Li+ + F
••
••
••
•• ••
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The Ionic Bonding Model
Sample Problem: Depicting Ion Formation
PROBLEM: Use partial orbital diagrams and Lewis symbols to depict the
formation of Na+ and O2– ions from the atoms, and determine the
formula of the compound formed.
PLAN: Draw orbital diagrams and Lewis symbols for Na and O atoms. To attain
filled outer levels, Na loses one electron and O gains two. Two Na atoms
are needed for each O atom so that the number of electrons lost equals
the number of electrons gained.
SOLUTION:
Lewis electron-dot symbols
Na• •• •• 2-
•O + O
••
••
2Na+
••
• ••
Na•
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The Ionic Bonding Model
Orbital diagrams
Na ↑
3s 3p + O ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
Na ↑ 2s 2p
3s 3p
2Na+ + O2– ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
2s 2p
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The Ionic Bonding Model
The Born-Haber cycle for lithium fluoride
Series of step from elements to ionic
solid which all enthalpies (H) are known
except lattice energy (Hlattice)
Direct path
Stepwise path
Born-Haber cycle :
2. Stepwise path
Lattice energy is the energy required to separate 1 mol of an ionic solid into
gaseous ions.
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The Ionic Bonding Model
Periodic Trends in Lattice Energy
Coloumb’s Law
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The Ionic Bonding Model
Periodic Trends in Lattice Energy
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The Ionic Bonding Model
Sample Problem: Predicting Relative Lattice Energies from Ionic
Properties
PROBLEM: Use ionic properties to choose the compound in each pair with the
larger lattice energy: (a) Rbl or NaBr; (b) KCI or CaS.
PLAN: To choose the compound with the larger lattice energy, we apply
Coulomb's law and periodic trends in ionic radius and charge (see Figure
2.12).We examine the ions in each compound: for ions of similar size, higher
charge leads to a larger lattice energy; for ions with the same charge, smaller
size leads to larger lattice energy because the ions can get closer together.
SOLUTION:
(a) NaBr. All the ions have single charges, so charge is not involved. Size
increases down a group, so Rb+ is larger than Na+, and I– is larger than Br–.
Therefore, NaBr has the larger lattice energy because it consists of smaller
ions.
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The Ionic Bonding Model
Sample Problem: Predicting Relative Lattice Energies from Ionic
Properties
SOLUTION:
(b) CaS. Size decreases from left to right, so K+ is slightly larger than Ca2+, and S2–
is slightly larger than CI–. However, these small differences are not nearly as
important as the charges: Ca2+ and S2– have twice the charge of K+ and Cl–, so
CaS has the larger lattice energy.
CHECK: The actual values for lattice energy are (a) Rbl = 598 kJ/mol; NaBr = 719
kJ/mol; and (b) KCI = 676 kJ/mol; CaS = 3039 kJ/mol.
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The Ionic Bonding Model
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Electrical conductivity
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The Ionic Bonding Model
Covalent Compounds
Covalent Bonds
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The Covalent Bonding Model
Covalent Bonds
Shifting of e– density
Atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer level of electrons. The shared
electrons are called a shared pair or bonding pair
••
H H or H–H
•• •• •• ••
F F or F–F
••
••
••
••
••
•• •• •• ••
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The Covalent Bonding Model
Properties of a Covalent Bond
The bond order is the number of electron pairs being shared by a given pair of
atoms.
The bond energy (BE) is the energy needed to overcome the attraction between
the nuclei and the shared electrons.
The bond length is the distance between the nuclei of the bonded atoms.
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The Covalent Bonding Model
Bond length and covalent radius
Internuclear distance Covalent Internuclear distance Covalent
(bond length) radius (bond length) radius
72 pm 114 pm
100 pm 133 pm
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The Covalent Bonding Model
The Relation of Bond Order, Bond Length, and Bond Energy
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The Covalent Bonding Model
Sample Problem: Comparing Bond Length and Bond Strength
PROBLEM: Using the periodic table, but not Tables 9.2 (in text book) or 9.3,
rank (slide no 39) the bonds in each set in order of decreasing
bond length and decreasing bond strength:
(a) S–F, S–Br, S–Cl (b) C=O, C–O, CΞO
PLAN: (a) S is singly bonded to three different halogen atoms, so the bond
order is the same. Bond length increases and bond strength
decreases as the atomic radius of the halogen increases.
(b) The same two atoms are bonded in each case, but the bond
orders differ. Bond strength increases and bond length decreases
as bond order increases.
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The Covalent Bonding Model
Sample Problem: Comparing Bond Length and Bond Strength
SOLUTION:
(a) Atomic size increases going down a group, so F < Cl < Br.
Bond length: S–Br > S–Cl > S–F
Bond strength: S–F > S–Cl > S–Br
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The Covalent Bonding Model
Bond Energies and Hºrxn
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Bond Energy and Chemical Change
Sample Problem: Using Bond Energies to Calculate Hºrxn
PLAN: All the reactant bonds break, and all the product bonds form. Find
the bond energies in Table (Table 9.2;pg 371) and substitute the
two sums, with correct signs, into equation
Hºrxn = SHºreactant bonds broken+ SHºproduct bonds formed
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Bond Energy and Chemical Change
SOLUTION:
For bonds broken:
4 x C-H = (4 mol)(413 kJ/mol) = 1652 kJ
3 x Cl-Cl = (3 mol)(243 kJ/mol) = 729 kJ
SHºbonds broken = 2381 kJ
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Bond Energy and Chemical Change
Electronegativity ()
Quantitative basis
These are just qualitative numbers based on some basic idea. It has no units
and is not related to energy!
Li Be B C N O F
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
P S Cl
2 2.5 3.0
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Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Trend in Electronegativity
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Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Electronegativity and Oxidation Number
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Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Example:
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Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
The importance of Electronegativity Difference (ΔEN)
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Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
The importance of Electronegativity Difference (ΔEN)
PROBLEM: (a) Use a polar arrow to indicate the polarity of each bond: N–H, F–N, I–Cl.
(b) Rank the following bonds in order of increasing polarity: H–N, H–O, H–C.
PLAN: (a) We use Figure 9.21 to find the EN values for each element. The polar arrow
points toward the more electronegative element.
(b) The greater the EN between the atoms, the more polar the bond.
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Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Sample Problem: Determining Bond Polarity from EN Values
In order of polarity:
H-C < H-N < H-O
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Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
The Gradation in Bonding Across a Period
Electron density distributions in bonds of the Period 3 chlorides. There is a steady increase in the
height of electron density between peaks (bonding region) indicated an increase in electron sharing
from left to right.
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Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Metallic Bonding
All metal atoms in the sample contribute their valence electrons to form a
delocalized electron “sea”
The metal “ions” (nuclei with core electrons) lie in an orderly array within
this mobile sea.
The metal is held together by the attraction between the metal “cations”
and the “sea” of valence electrons.
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Metallic Bonding
Properties of Metals
Metals are generally solids with moderate to high melting points and much higher
boiling points
Melting points decrease down a group and increase across a period
Metals are good conductors of electricity in both the solid and liquid states
The electron sea is mobile in both phases
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Metallic Bonding