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Introduction
• Binary information received from an external
device is usually stored in memory.
• Information transferred from the central
computer into an external device also is
originally from the memory.
• Data transfer between the central computer and
input and output devices may be handled in a
variety of modes
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Different modes of data transfer
Programmed I/O
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Programmed I/O
• These operations are a results of I/O instructions written in the
computer program. Data transfer is initiated by an instruction in
the program.
• Usually the data transfer data between CPU register and
peripheral device. Other instructions are used to transfer data
transfer data between CPU and memory.
• The peripheral has to be constantly monitored. Once a data
transfer is initiated, the CPU is required to monitor the interface
to see when a transfer can again be made.
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Applications of programmed I/O
method
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Interrupt initiated I/O
• This can be avoided by using an interrupt facility and special
commands to inform the interface to issue an interrupt
request signal when the data are available from the device.
Vectored interrupt
Non-vectored interrupt
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Direct Memory Access (DMA)
• The interface transfer data into and out of the memory unit
through the memory bus.
• The CPU initiates the transfer of supplying the interface with the
starting address and the number of words needed to be
transferred and then proceed to execute other tasks.
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I/O Processor
Many computers combines the interface logic with the
requirements for direct memory access into one unit and
call it an I/O processor. The IOP can handle many
peripherals through a DMA and interrupt facility. The
computer is divided into three separate modules in such a
system.
Memory unit
CPU
IOP
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I/O Processor
CPU is the master while the IOP is a slave processor. The
CPU performs the tasks of initiating all operations.
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Reference Link
• http://www.mans.edu.eg/faceng/english/compu
ters/PDFS/PDF4/4.4.pdf
• www.authorstream.com
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The End
…..Thank you…..
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